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INTRODUCTORY VERB
indicate The graph indicates the growth in the service sector and the declinein the manufacturing sector. show This graph shows how two programs performed over a ten-year period. Compare The graph compares changes in the annual rainfall in four cities. provide/give information Information is provided/is given in this graph about the gradal growth of productivity for several firms. provide data This graph provides data about three trends: .. ... ,and ... DESCRIBING TRENDS UP rise (v) Production costs rose to their highest level of the year in July rise (n) There was a rise in production costs to the highest level of the year in July go up (v) Between 1900 and 2000, the population went up by over a million people. grow (grew, grown) (v) The number of first-time users grew rapidly in 2015. growth (n) There was a rapid growth in the number of first- time users in 2015. increase (v) The numbers of cyclists increased between 2005 and 2010. increase (n) There was an increase in the number of cyclists between 2005 and 2010. DOWN decline (v) The Construction of new homes declined for ten years in succession. decline (n) There was a decline in the number of new homes for ten yearS in succession.
go down (v) After a brief rise, imports went down again. decrease (v) Average test scores decreased at three of the schools. decrease (n) There was a decrease in test scores at three of the schools. drop (v) In 2008, foreign investment dropped by over 20%. drop (n) In 2008, there was a drop in foreign investment of over 20%. fall (fell, fallen) (v) The numberof overseas students fell in
fall (n) There was a fall in the number of international students in 2013. SAME stay the same The company's market share stayed the same remain constant For three months, the percentage remained constant. UP AND DOWN fluctuate (v) The number of seasonal workers employed by the company fluctuates each year fluctuation (n) There have been fluctuations in the number of seasonal workers employed by the company. go up and down (v) Fares have gone up and down over the last few months. ADVERD AND ADJECTIVES UP OR DOWN QUICKLY rapialy (adv) The number of smartphones in use has risen rapidly over the last ten years. rapid (adj) In this decade, there was a rapid increasein smartphone use. suddenly (adv) Employment figures dropped suddenly during the following ten years. sudden (adj) The next decade sawa sudden decrease in employment figures. sharply (adv) The price of textbooks rose sharply. sharp (adj) There was a sharp rise in the price of textbooks.
will+ probably + infinitive According to the graph, the number of websites will probably double over the next few years. is +probably + going to + infinitive There is probably going to be an increase in the number of television dramas this autumn. noun+is predicted A sudden in crease in tourism is predicted. is predicted + to + infinitive The number of tourists is predicted to rise. noun+ is expected A decline in the average age is expected. noun+ is expected+ to + infinitive The average age is expected to go down. It is expected that + clause It is expected that the average age will decrease. APPROXIMATION around the population grew by around a milion people in that decade. about According to the ohart about 45 %of all people surveyed believe in UFOs. roughly Roughly 300.000 units aere manuftactured in factory A in 2006. approximately Approximately 4.000 more people attended this year's parade. almost the vacancy rate for hotel rooms is almost zero in August. nearly Nearly 30% of peopie in the country agreed with this decision. just under This state has just under300 days of sunshne a year. just over Just over 2 5 bilion people worldwide own digital cameras. NUMBERS AND AMOUNTS the number of The number of serious storms to affect New England rose to 27 this year.
the amount of The amount of natural gas produced this year increased sharply. more than There was more rainfall in April than in May. fewer than The chart indicates that fewer people visited this website in 2012 than in 20O1. less than The tactory produced less pollution during 2010 than in the previous year. (about) the same as The amount of time it takes to complete task A is (about) the same as the amount of time it takes to complete task B. To make the expressions above stronger, you can use many, much, far: many more than, much more than, far less than. To make these expressions weaker, you can use slightly or a little: slightly more than, a little less than. twice as many as There were nearly twice as many accidents at the factory this year as last year. twice as much as According to the chart, there was about twice as much coal mined in this county in the 1940s as in the 1990s. (nearly/almost) doubled The amount of milk produced at this dairy farm nearly doubled over the five year period. The number of runners in the race almost doubled between 2000 and 2015. half as many as There were only about half as many applications for jobs received in January as there had been in July. half as much as A dollarin 1980 was worth around half as much as it had been in 1967. amount + times+ as many as There were, on average, about three times as many as pages in newspapers in country A as in country B. amount+ times+ as much as There was around four times as much traffic in city X as in city Y. USING THE CORRECT TENSE
Likewise The inflation rate in Japan was fairylow in 2010; likewise the rate in Switzerland did not go up much. similarly The money that the government spends on the arts represents only a tiny portion of the total budget. Similardy, only a small amount is spent on social services. CONTRAST (DIFFERENCE) however The number of male faculty members stayed the same. However, six new female faculty members were hired. on the other hand The number of radio stations playing classical music declined; on the other hand, two new news stations opened. in contrast in In 2010, the average age in Japan was 44. years; in contrast in Yernen, the average age was only 16. years. whilst / while Whilst the price of gold shot up in September, the price of silver remained about the same. although Although health care remained a significant portion of families' budget in 2005, it wasn't high as in 2004. whereas The number of marriages declined during that period, whereas the number of divorces increased. but California had a dry winter, but there was a lot of snow in the Rocky Mountain states. LIKE, UNLIKE, ALIKE Like the cost of shipping, the cost of packaging has gone up. Meat, like fish, contains a lot of protein. Unlike some members of the European Union, the UK does not use the euro as its currency. The US, unlike Japan, does not have a system of high-speed trains. and... are alike (in that) The health care industry and information technology are alike in that they are both adding new jobs. INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSION first,... First let's consider the data in the bar chart. Let's first... Let's first look at the line graph. Turning to... Tuming to the pie chart.
Next,... Next, let's examine the data in the second chart. having considered..., let's... Having considered the bar chart, let'slook at... meanwhile, ... Meanwhile, the information in the second graph shows that.. it's clear.. that.. It's clear from the data in the chart that it's obvious that.. It's obvious that an overwhelming number.. it's easy to see.. it's easy to see which country produces the most.. In conclusion,.. in conclusion, the relationship between the two graphs is.. In brief,... In brief, the two graphs tell us that... On the whole,... On the whole, these graphs show that ... To conclude, .. To conclude, while the first graph tells us that... From the infomation.. From the infomation in the two charts, it's clear that.. As a final point,... As a final point, we can say that by comparing the data in these two charts,... DESCRIBING MAPS AND PLANS POSITION Be The town hall is in the oentre of town. is located The new student residence is located on the east of the campus. can be found / can be seen A bookstore can be found on the second floor of the complex. stand (used mainly for buildings) The opera house once stood on the corner of Chares Avenue and Rose Street. CHANGE build A shopping mall has been built just outside of town. construct An elementary sohool was constructed where the factory used to be. expand The science lab was greatly expanded. add on to A new wing has been added on to the art museum
at one end... and at the other At one end of the street there was once a bank, and at the other was the City Hall. inside Inside the courtyard you can see a garden. outside There used to be some vending machines out side the hotel. in the middle of A small island lies in the middleof the lake. A DISCUSSION/OPINION ESSAY However... Although,... On the other hand,... While/ whilist,... Nevertheless... In spite of.. In contrast,... Despite... Even though,... Whereas,... INTRODUCING REASONS FIRST REASON First, ... / First of all, ... One reason is that... The first reason... For one thing,... OTHER REASONS Secondily,... /Thirdly, ... A second/third reason is that... Another reason is that.. Moreover,... / Furthermore,... / In addition, Equally important is the fact that.. FINAL REASON Finally, One final reason is that.. SUPPORTING YOUR REASONS For example / For instance.. In other words… In my experience / In my case
EXPLAINATION
Clearly/ obviously/ certainly… GIVING YOUR OWN OPINION In my opinion,... It's my opinion that,... l'm of the opinion that.. Personally,.. I'm convinced that.. As I see it, ... From my point of view, .. DISAGREEING OR PARTIAL DiSAGREEING (Personally,) I'm not at all convinced that.. ...is not always/entirely true I don't think that .. is justifiable. I don't share the view that... CONCLUSIONS In conclusion In conclusion, there are arguments in favour of.. In summary/To summarise/ To sum up... On the whole/ Overall A PROBLEM SOLUTION ESSAY INTRODUCING CAUSES One cause of... is... The primary/main cause of... is... Perhaps the most important cause of..is... Finally,.. A second cause of... is.. .. also causes/can also cause... Another cause of... is ... ..also plays a role in.. Furthermore/Moreover/In addition, ... is responsible for.. UNCERTAINTY ABOUT CAUSES One possible cause is... ... may/might be responsible for Another cause may/might be... Perhaps... causes...
