Conjunctions and Subordinating Words: Linking Ideas in English | Appunti di Lingua Inglese

Logical links

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IExpressions which link ideas within a sentence (conjunctions)

Addition:and, as well as

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Time:after, as, as soon as, before, once, since, until, when, while

Contrast/change of direction:although, but, despite, even if, even though, in spite of, while,

whereas

Reason/result:as, because, since, so

Purpose:(in order) to, so that

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Note:and, but, sousually only go in the middle of the sentence. All the other conjunctions can go either in the middle or

at the beginning of the sentence.

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2Expressions which link ideas across sentences (adverbials)

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Addition:also, as well, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, too, what's more

Time:afterwards, beforehand, eventually, finally, first, in the end, lastly, later, meanwhile, next,

secondly

Example/Illustration:for example, for instance

Contrast/Change of direction:even so, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, still,

yet



Reason/Result:as a result, because of this, consequently, that's why, therefore

Conclusion:in conclusion, in summary, last of all, to conclude

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Note;

IAs well, toogo at the end of a sentence.

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2Finally, later, eventually, also, therefore, consequentlyusually go at the beginning of the sentence.

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3 All the other adverbs normally go at the beginning of the sentence.

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Grammatical reference links

1Reference words

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Personal pronouns(he, they, her, their, its,etc.)I met your father.He'svery young.

Articles(the, a, an)



He's got two children.Theson is a doctor andthedaughter is a teacher.

Determiners (this, that, these, those)Thatidea was very original.

Relative pronouns (who, which)

I met your father,whois very young.

2 Other substitutions

there, then

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The Ritz is a good hotel. We stayedtherelast June.It was very busythen.

one, ones

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We missed the bus so we got a laterone.They will betheones(=the people)who willbenefit.

auxiliary verbs(do/does/did, have/had, Tom likes fish and sodoI(I likefish too)

'I couldn't go to the show.' 'NeithercouldI_(I couldn't go to the show either.)

so, such

She was very lively as a child and remainedsothroughout her life.

He was very rude.Suchbehaviour(behaviourlikethis)is not acceptable.

if so / if not

Do you eat meat?If so(if you eatmeat),I’ll cookchicken.If not(if you don't eatmeat) I’ll do a

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Logical links

I Expressions which link ideas within a sentence (conjunctions)

 Addition: and, as well as

 Time: after, as, as soon as, before, once, since, until, when, while

 Contrast/change of direction: although, but, despite, even if, even though, in spite of, while,

whereas

 Reason/result: as, because, since, so

 Purpose: ( in order) to, so that

Note: and, but, so usually only go in the middle of the sentence. All the other conjunctions can go either in the middle or

at the beginning of the sentence.

2 Expressions which link ideas across sentences (adverbials)

 Addition: also, as well, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, too, what's more

 Time: afterwards, beforehand, eventually, finally, first, in the end, lastly, later, meanwhile, next,

secondly

 Example/Illustration: for example, for instance

 Contrast/Change of direction: even so, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, still,

yet

 Reason/Result: as a result, because of this, consequently, that's why, therefore

 Conclusion: in conclusion, in summary, last of all, to conclude

Note;

I As well, too go at the end of a sentence.

2 Finally, later, eventually, also, therefore, consequently usually go at the beginning of the sentence.

3 All the other adverbs normally go at the beginning of the sentence.

Grammatical reference links

1 Reference words

 Personal pronouns (he, they, her, their, its, etc.) I met your father. He's very young.

 Articles (the, a, an)

He's got two children. The son is a doctor and the daughter is a teacher.

 Determiners ( this, that, these, those) That idea was very original.

 Relative pronouns ( who, which)

I met your father, who is very young.

2 Other substitutions

 there, then

The Ritz is a good hotel. We stayed there last June. It was very busy then.

 one, ones

We missed the bus so we got a later one. They will be the ones ( =the people) who will benefit.

 auxiliary verbs (do/does/did, have/had, Tom likes fish and so do I (I like fish too)

'I couldn't go to the show.' 'Neither could I_ (I couldn't go to the show either.)

 so, such

She was very lively as a child and remained so throughout her life.

He was very rude. Such behaviour ( behaviour like this) is not acceptable.

 if so / if not

Do you eat meat? If so ( if you eat meat), I’ll cook chicken. If not ( if you don't eat meat) I’ll do a

vegetable stew.

 Relative clauses

I sat out in the sun without wearing sunscreen, which was very stupid of me. ( which refers to

the previous clause) 3 Omission

Conjunctions and Subordinating Words: Linking Ideas in English, Appunti di Lingua Inglese

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