Pragmatica | Schemi e mappe concettuali di Lingua Inglese

Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the systematic study of how people understand and communicate more than the literal

meaning of words or sentences. Pragmatics is also called the study of utterance meaning, or meaning in

context or meaning in interaction. Pragmatics is about getting from what is said to what is meant.

Diapositive 2

Core concept of pragmatics

• Deixis

• The cooperative principle

• Speech acts

• Conversation analysis

Deixis

Deixis refers to all linguistics means that have mainly to do with pointing at extralinguistic context/entities.

Deictics refer to person, places, time, social relationship, activities in a text. Cannot be understood out of

their context. Deictic centre is the prespective from which something is being communicated.

There are some types of deixis: person, place, time, social and discourse deixis.

• Person deixis

The first one is about pointing at person-pronouns, possesives.

An important dimension of person deixis can be observed in the so-called T/V distinction which

derives its name from the initial letters of the distinct familiar and polite forms of personal pronoun

in many romance languages, as in French tu and vous. This also plays an important role in the

choice of forms of address, in English don’t have distinct pronouns for representing familiarity or

distance.

• Social deixis

This aspect is also called social deixis because it reflects how we represent, establish and change

social distance and social relationships.

• Place deixis

Place deixis is about pointing at the location of individual s or things. They are: this, here, that,

there.

Generally English language distinguishes between proximal terms and distal terms.

We use proximal terms like this or here to refer to individual or objects close to the speaker, to the

deictic centre and dictal terms like that and there for remote individual or object, so away from

deictic centre.

Distal terms such us that are often also used to express psychological distance such us “that awful

book”.

And when such deictic terms are used to refer to humans this may also be interpreted as social

deixis because they are used to indicate social distance such us “that stupid guy”.

• Time deixis

Time deixis refers to the speaker’s current situation. Time deixis also distinguishes between:

close to deictic centre and far from deictic centre. This reflected in expression like now, today, this

week for a time close to the moment of speaking and then, yesterday, next month for a time

remote from the moment of speaking.

The cooperative principle

Grice in his “Logic and Conversation” presents a basic principle that governs human interaction: the so

called CP.

“Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted

purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”

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Pragmatics Pragmatics is the systematic study of how people understand and communicate more than the literal meaning of words or sentences. Pragmatics is also called the study of utterance meaning, or meaning in context or meaning in interaction. Pragmatics is about getting from what is said to what is meant. Diapositive 2 Core concept of pragmatics

Deixis
The cooperative principle
Speech acts
Conversation analysis Deixis Deixis refers to all linguistics means that have mainly to do with pointing at extralinguistic context/entities. Deictics refer to person, places, time, social relationship, activities in a text. Cannot be understood out of their context. Deictic centre is the prespective from which something is being communicated. There are some types of deixis : person, place, time, social and discourse deixis.
Person deixis The first one is about pointing at person-pronouns, possesives. An important dimension of person deixis can be observed in the so-called T/V distinction which derives its name from the initial letters of the distinct familiar and polite forms of personal pronoun in many romance languages, as in French tu and vous. This also plays an important role in the choice of forms of address, in English don’t have distinct pronouns for representing familiarity or distance.
Social deixis This aspect is also called social deixis because it reflects how we represent, establish and change social distance and social relationships.
Place deixis Place deixis is about pointing at the location of individual s or things. They are: this, here, that, there. Generally English language distinguishes between proximal terms and distal terms. We use proximal terms like this or here to refer to individual or objects close to the speaker, to the deictic centre and dictal terms like that and there for remote individual or object, so away from deictic centre. Distal terms such us that are often also used to express psychological distance such us “that awful book”. And when such deictic terms are used to refer to humans this may also be interpreted as social deixis because they are used to indicate social distance such us “that stupid guy”.
Time deixis Time deixis refers to the speaker’s current situation. Time deixis also distinguishes between: close to deictic centre and far from deictic centre. This reflected in expression like now, today, this week for a time close to the moment of speaking and then, yesterday, next month for a time remote from the moment of speaking. The cooperative principle Grice in his “Logic and Conversation” presents a basic principle that governs human interaction: the so called CP. “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”

From this principle, four maxims are derived: the maxim of quantity the maxim of quality the maxim of relation the maxim of manner When one or more maxims are not respected there are conversational implicatures. They are not part of the conventional meaning of what it said. Their interpretation is context-dependent. Finding such additional information is also know as inferring. Speech acts Speech act is an act that a speaker performs through an utterance. (statement in context) Human communication is also about about making things happen in the real word. Such aspect of meaning in interaction are discussed in speech act theory. Speech act theory has its roots in thoughts formulated by Austin and Searle (1960). All speech acts can be divided into:

Locutionary act : the act of making a meaningful utterance. (asking a question, giving some info) For example, “where did I leave my book?”
Illocutionary force or act : the speaker’s intent as it is conveyed through the utterance. (informing, asking) For example, “I want my friend to remind me where I left my book”
Perlocutionary effect or act : the cognitive or emotional effect an illocutionary act has on addressee or addresses in reality is called the perlocutionary act or effect. For example, “why can’t he look after his things? I’ll look for it”. Generally, linguistics distinguish between several main types of speech acts , to describe what humans may do by performing these acts. We use:
Representative to make statements about the world. For example, “Italy is part of the EU”.
Directives like requests or commands, addresses behaviour. For example, “do me a favour, send me an e-mail”.
Commissives like promises or threats to inform others about our future actions. For example, “I’ll write you every day.”
Expressives like greetings, thanks and congratulations to express our feelings. Such as “Hi, thanks a lot!”.
Declarations for actions that are performed by pronouncing the appropriate formula. For example, “I here by declare you man and wife.” Felicity condition Felicity condition is a necessary precondition for a speech act to succeed. Speech acts can be felicitous or infelicitous. There are some criteria for a felicitous request like content, preparatory conditions, sincerity condition, essential condition. Direct/indirect speech acts Linguists distinguish between direct and indirect speech acts. The first ones are characterised by a direct relationship between the structure and the communicative purpose of the utterance. There are three syntactic types common to most languages: declarative, interrogative and imperative. The second ones are speech acts that depart from this pattern. So we have no direct relationship.

Pragmatica, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Lingua Inglese

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