News Discourse Analysis: Approaches, Values, and Text-Image Relations | Appunti di Lingua Inglese

1. The Conversation Analytical Approach: focuses on the close analysis of spoken interaction, in this

case in the context of news interviews

2. The Systemic Functional Linguistic Approach: focuses on the news discourse from the point of view

of register and genres describing and discussing the different purposes, linguistic features, the

different structures as well as the notion of authorial voice and the expression of subjectivity in

news discourse.

3. The Pragmatic/Stylistic Approach: includes pragmatic analysis, discussions of presentation and

perspective, genre status, style and register

4. The Practice-focused Approach: provides insights into news discourse and journalistic practices.

5. The Corpus Linguistic Approach: uses “corpora” and computer software to analyse news discourse,

6. Logos: Persuasion through reasoning. The attempt to present a reasonable argument in a logical

way.

7. For Plato rhetoric is a “speech-rigger” that is “manipulation”. A deficit between complex-sounding

rhetorical argument and the truth. He also thought that rhetoric could be explained only by

philosophers.

8. Studying rhetoric means studying the perlocutionary intent of utterances, i.e. the effect speakers

wish them to have on their audience

9. Oxymorons  two apparent contradictory elements combined in a single word, phrase or epigram

(bittersweet, being cruel to be kind, radical conservative, extreme moderate). Often used to create

negative evaluation.

10. Chiasmus perché A special type of contrastive pairs where the elements of the first part are

switched around in the second:

News Values can be described as the “values” by which one “fact” is judged more newsworthy than another. As the criteria or rules

that news workers apply to determine what is “news” or even as the qualities/elements that are necessary to make a story

newsworthy. According to Bell there are three classes of news values:

- values in the news text: brevity, clarity, colour that are more like general characteristics demanded of a news story in order to be

included. These three values are called “news writing objective”;

- values in the news process: continuity, competition, co-option, composition, predictability, prefabrication. These values are called

“news cycle/market factors”;

- values in news actors and events. There are called “news values”.

News values relate to the events as reported in news stories and to the news actors involved in the events as reported in the news

story.

- Negativity: negative aspects of an event

- Timeliness: the relevance of the event in terms of time More recent events are often more newsworthy: “the best news is

something which has only just happened”. Timeliness can be associated with aspects of an event that only just (e.g. yesterday)

happened, that are still ongoing (e.g. breaking news) or that will happen in the (near) future.

- Proximity: the geographical and/or cultural nearness of the event What is newsworthy usually concerns the country, region or

city in which the news is published. Proximity includes both geographical and cultural nearness.

- Prominence/eliteness: the high status of the individuals (e.g. celebrities, politicians), organizations or nations involved in the

event, including quoted sources

Stories about ‘elite’ individuals or celebrities are more newsworthy than stories about ordinary people, and sources that are

affiliated with an organization or institution or are otherwise officially recognized authorities are preferred over others.

- Consonance: the extent to which aspects of a story fit in with stereotypes that people may hold about the events and people

portrayed in it

- Impact: the effects or consequences of an event that are newsworthy, especially, if they involve serious repercussions or have a

more global impact, rather than only minor consequences.

- Novelty/Deviance/Unusuality/Rarity/Surprise: the unexpected aspects of an event, happenings that surprise us, unusual or rare.

- Superlativeness: the maximized or intensified aspects of an event, amount of people it involved, the consequences it has or might

have, the numbers mentioned, the size of things, the force of actions, the intensity of behaviour, and so on.

- Personalization: the personal or human interest aspects of an event

News stories that are personalized attract audiences more than the portrayal of generalized concepts or processes.

From a cognitive perspective we can conceptualize news values as beliefs (or criteria), “intersubjective mental categories” or

“internalized assumptions” that people hold/apply about qualities/aspects that make something newsworthy.

From a discursive perspective, we can conceptualize news values in terms of how newsworthiness is construed through discourse

(both language and images). Newsworthiness is not inherent in events but established through language and image.

Evaluative language includes linguistic expressions that realize opinion, assessments of positivity or negativity, importance or

unimportance, expectedness or unexpectedness. Generally, the function of evaluative devices is “to make the contents of the story

sound as X as possible, where X is big, recent, important, unusual, new.” Which are the means to construe news values through

language?

Intensification and quantification: include devices to intensify number or amount (thousands of), size (huge waves , peanut-size

hail), duration and extent of time (rapidly rising, continuous rain), force (ferocious storm, ravage, blaze) or degree (full fury,

complete destruction), including comparatives and superlatives. These construe Superlativeness and can be used to maximize any

aspect of the reported event.

Comparison: Happenings in a news story are often compared to similar happenings in the past. This frequently functions to construe

Novelty, when the current event is described as the first of its kind or for a long time. However, such comparisons can also function

to construe Consonance, if an event is said to be very much in line with past events and so on.

References to emotion: describing news actors’ emotional responses, describing ‘emotional’ behaviour such as screaming or

shouting or labelling emotions. Such references can construe a variety of news values ranging from Negativity, Superlativeness,

Impact and so on.

‘Negative’ vocabulary (e.g. confusion, damage, deaths, bodies) refers to the words we use to describe negative events. In contrast

to evaluative language, such vocabulary does not automatically and expressly tell us that the writer disapproves of the reported

events and is thus not strictly evaluative language.

Word combinations: certain words are repeatedly combined, or associated with each other to invoke stereotypes or scripts, thus

establishing Consonance.

References to time and place: establish Timeliness and Proximity usually through adverbs ( yesterday , currently ), nominal

groups/phrases ( this week , this year , last week) or prepositional phrases realizing adverbials/circumstances of time and place.

Timeliness can also be construed through verb tense (and aspect) – past, present and future. References to future events have been

said to fulfil two functions: to increase timeliness and to place something on the news agenda.

References to the nation/community: quite explicitly address local or national communities. In this way, the relevance of the event

for this community (Proximity) is established.

First-person plural pronouns: Using first-person plural pronouns (we, our, etc.) establishes Proximity both culturally and

geographically, but only if the pronoun includes the audience.

Role labels: to describe the roles, titles or professions of people. The Prominence of news actors and sources, including their

professional role, title and affiliation is usually construed through descriptive noun phrases such as: England manager Sven Goran

Eriksson.

Quotes from ‘ordinary’ individuals as opposed to what “elite” actors say, construes Personalization. Hearing from the “man or

woman on the street” means we can relate to the quote more than when “elite” sources speaks and it renders the issue personal.

References to individuals construe Personalization, various ways in which references to “ordinary” people can be made, including

variations in the use of proper names, the inclusion of social categories, reference to roles, kinship relations (husband, mother) or

physical characteristics.

News Values and Images According to Barthes, images exist on two levels: the first of these is the denotative level, or the goings on

or happenings in the image. Denotative meanings are articulated through what is presented in the image in terms of the

represented participants, the activities they are engaged in and the circumstances or locations where these activities are taking

place. The other level, the connotative, is described as the art or treatment of the image. The photograph is ‘an object that has been

worked on, chosen, composed, constructed, treated according to professional, aesthetic or ideological norms. It is this professional

treatment of the image that Hall refers to as contributing to its connotative force and news value. Hall suggests that news values in

the press photograph include the: unexpected; dramatic; recent event concerning a person of high status. But also reference to elite

persons; composition; personalization; negativity and conflict/dramatization.

Evaluative elements: participants as important or having high status by photographing them in the middle of a media scrum with

microphones and cameras pointing at them, or surrounded by bodyguards, military or a police escort, thus construing the news

value of Prominence. A person photographed or filmed walking along a street flanked by lawyers/barristers could also be evaluated

as important/high status, but this may be for negative reasons, if they are the defendant in a high-profile court case, so this could

also construe Negativity.

Intensification An image that serializes/repeats information in the image frame (soldiers bearing arms, rather than focusing on one

solider) is a device for intensification and as such can construe Superlativeness.

Comparison: by placing elements of differing sizes next to each other, again construing Superlativeness and possibly Novelty.

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The Conversation Analytical Approach: focuses on the close analysis of spoken interaction, in this case in the context of news interviews
The Systemic Functional Linguistic Approach: focuses on the news discourse from the point of view of register and genres describing and discussing the different purposes, linguistic features, the different structures as well as the notion of authorial voice and the expression of subjectivity in news discourse.
The Pragmatic/Stylistic Approach: includes pragmatic analysis, discussions of presentation and perspective, genre status, style and register
The Practice-focused Approach: provides insights into news discourse and journalistic practices.
The Corpus Linguistic Approach: uses “corpora” and computer software to analyse news discourse,
Logos: Persuasion through reasoning. The attempt to present a reasonable argument in a logical way.
For Plato rhetoric is a “speech-rigger” that is “manipulation”. A deficit between complex-sounding rhetorical argument and the truth. He also thought that rhetoric could be explained only by philosophers.
Studying rhetoric means studying the perlocutionary intent of utterances, i.e. the effect speakers wish them to have on their audience
Oxymorons  two apparent contradictory elements combined in a single word, phrase or epigram (bittersweet, being cruel to be kind, radical conservative, extreme moderate). Often used to create negative evaluation.
Chiasmus perché A special type of contrastive pairs where the elements of the first part are switched around in the second: News Values can be described as the “values” by which one “fact” is judged more newsworthy than another. As the criteria or rules that news workers apply to determine what is “news” or even as the qualities/elements that are necessary to make a story newsworthy. According to Bell there are three classes of news values:

values in the news text: brevity, clarity, colour that are more like general characteristics demanded of a news story in order to be included. These three values are called “ news writing objective ”;
values in the news process: continuity, competition, co-option, composition, predictability, prefabrication. These values are called “ news cycle/market factors ”;
values in news actors and events. There are called “ news values ”. News values relate to the events as reported in news stories and to the news actors involved in the events as reported in the news story. **- Negativity: negative aspects of an event
Timeliness: the relevance of the event in terms of time** More recent events are often more newsworthy: “the best news is something which has only just happened”. Timeliness can be associated with aspects of an event that only just (e.g. yesterday) happened, that are still ongoing (e.g. breaking news) or that will happen in the (near) future. - Proximity: the geographical and/or cultural nearness of the event What is newsworthy usually concerns the country, region or city in which the news is published. Proximity includes both geographical and cultural nearness. - Prominence/eliteness: the high status of the individuals (e.g. celebrities, politicians), organizations or nations involved in the event, including quoted sources Stories about ‘elite’ individuals or celebrities are more newsworthy than stories about ordinary people, and sources that are affiliated with an organization or institution or are otherwise officially recognized authorities are preferred over others. **- Consonance: the extent to which aspects of a story fit in with stereotypes that people may hold about the events and people portrayed in it
Impact: the effects or consequences of an event** that are newsworthy, especially, if they involve serious repercussions or have a more global impact, rather than only minor consequences. - Novelty/Deviance/Unusuality/Rarity/Surprise: the unexpected aspects of an event , happenings that surprise us, unusual or rare. - Superlativeness: the maximized or intensified aspects of an event, amount of people it involved, the consequences it has or might have, the numbers mentioned, the size of things, the force of actions, the intensity of behaviour, and so on. - Personalization: the personal or human interest aspects of an event News stories that are personalized attract audiences more than the portrayal of generalized concepts or processes. From a cognitive perspective we can conceptualize news values as beliefs (or criteria), “intersubjective mental categories” or “internalized assumptions” that people hold/apply about qualities/aspects that make something newsworthy. From a discursive perspective , we can conceptualize news values in terms of how newsworthiness is construed through discourse (both language and images). Newsworthiness is not inherent in events but established through language and image. Evaluative language includes linguistic expressions that realize opinion, assessments of positivity or negativity, importance or unimportance, expectedness or unexpectedness. Generally, the function of evaluative devices is “to make the contents of the story sound as X as possible, where X is big, recent, important, unusual, new.” Which are the means to construe news values through language? Intensification and quantification : include devices to intensify number or amount (thousands of), size (huge waves , peanut-size hail), duration and extent of time (rapidly rising, continuous rain), force (ferocious storm, ravage, blaze) or degree (full fury, complete destruction), including comparatives and superlatives. These construe Superlativeness and can be used to maximize any aspect of the reported event. Comparison: Happenings in a news story are often compared to similar happenings in the past. This frequently functions to construe Novelty, when the current event is described as the first of its kind or for a long time. However, such comparisons can also function to construe Consonance, if an event is said to be very much in line with past events and so on. References to emotion : describing news actors’ emotional responses, describing ‘emotional’ behaviour such as screaming or shouting or labelling emotions. Such references can construe a variety of news values ranging from Negativity, Superlativeness, Impact and so on. ‘Negative’ vocabulary (e.g. confusion, damage, deaths, bodies) refers to the words we use to describe negative events. In contrast to evaluative language, such vocabulary does not automatically and expressly tell us that the writer disapproves of the reported events and is thus not strictly evaluative language. Word combinations: certain words are repeatedly combined, or associated with each other to invoke stereotypes or scripts, thus establishing Consonance. References to time and place : establish Timeliness and Proximity usually through adverbs ( yesterday , currently ), nominal groups/phrases ( this week , this year , last week) or prepositional phrases realizing adverbials/circumstances of time and place. Timeliness can also be construed through verb tense (and aspect) – past, present and future. References to future events have been said to fulfil two functions: to increase timeliness and to place something on the news agenda. References to the nation/community : quite explicitly address local or national communities. In this way, the relevance of the event for this community (Proximity) is established. First-person plural pronouns: Using first-person plural pronouns (we, our, etc.) establishes Proximity both culturally and geographically, but only if the pronoun includes the audience. Role labels : to describe the roles, titles or professions of people. The Prominence of news actors and sources, including their professional role, title and affiliation is usually construed through descriptive noun phrases such as: England manager Sven Goran Eriksson. Quotes from ‘ordinary’ individuals as opposed to what “elite” actors say, construes Personalization. Hearing from the “man or woman on the street” means we can relate to the quote more than when “elite” sources speaks and it renders the issue personal. References to individuals construe Personalization, various ways in which references to “ordinary” people can be made, including variations in the use of proper names, the inclusion of social categories, reference to roles, kinship relations (husband, mother) or physical characteristics. News Values and Images According to Barthes, images exist on two levels: the first of these is the denotative level, or the goings on or happenings in the image. Denotative meanings are articulated through what is presented in the image in terms of the represented participants, the activities they are engaged in and the circumstances or locations where these activities are taking place. The other level, the connotative , is described as the art or treatment of the image. The photograph is ‘an object that has been worked on, chosen, composed, constructed, treated according to professional, aesthetic or ideological norms. It is this professional treatment of the image that Hall refers to as contributing to its connotative force and news value. Hall suggests that news values in the press photograph include the: unexpected; dramatic; recent event concerning a person of high status. But also reference to elite persons; composition; personalization; negativity and conflict/dramatization. Evaluative elements : participants as important or having high status by photographing them in the middle of a media scrum with microphones and cameras pointing at them, or surrounded by bodyguards, military or a police escort, thus construing the news value of Prominence. A person photographed or filmed walking along a street flanked by lawyers/barristers could also be evaluated as important/high status, but this may be for negative reasons, if they are the defendant in a high-profile court case, so this could also construe Negativity. Intensification An image that serializes/repeats information in the image frame (soldiers bearing arms, rather than focusing on one solider) is a device for intensification and as such can construe Superlativeness. Comparison : by placing elements of differing sizes next to each other, again construing Superlativeness and possibly Novelty.

References to emotion from Negativity to Personalization, Novelty, Impact and Superlativeness. Negative elements events (car accidents, injuries) and their effects (traffic congestion, the detritus of natural/man-made disasters) construes the news value of Negativity and/or Impact. References to time and place : construct Proximity, Timeliness (winter, summer) and Consonance. Role labels : depiction of well-known (and easily recognizable) celebrities and politicians construes Prominence. However, other elites, like academics or police officers may not be so easily recognizable. References to individuals : including a picture of an individual construes Personalization by rendering an abstract issue more personal, especially when that individual comes to represent an entire event. But the elite are often quoted in the media, but this does not in itself construe Personalization. In the same way, photographing the elite acting in professional roles does not construe Personalization because it is their professional status (Prominence) that is emphasized in such images. Aesthetic elements : How participants are arranged in the image frame can impact on the balance and aesthetic quality of the image. A ‘balanced’ and hence aesthetically pleasing image can construe the event as newsworthy because of its beauty. Aesthetics may thus be considered as an additional news value, at least for images. Construing News Values in Discourse Timeliness through: references to time, verb tense and aspect; visually through seasonal indicators. Proximity through: references to place, references to the nation/community, first-person plural pronouns; visually in well-known or iconic landmarks, natural features or cultural symbols. Prominence through: evaluative language indicating importance, role labels; visually recognizable key figures, uniforms/officials, regalia, media scrum, professional contexts, low camera angle. Consonance through: evaluative language indicating expectedness, repeated word combinations, conventionalized metaphors, story structure, comparison; visual representations that fit with the stereotypical imagery of an event/person. Negativity through: negative evaluative language, references to negative emotions, negative vocabulary; visual representations of negative events and their effects, showing people’s negative emotions, high camera angle, camera movement/blurring. Impact through: evaluative language and intensification/quantification relating to the impact of an event, references to emotions caused by an event, references to effects/impact on individuals, entities, and so on; visually showing the after-effects of events, sequences of images conveying cause–effect relations. Novelty/deviance/unusuality/rarity/surprise through: evaluative language indicating unexpectedness, comparison, references to surprise/expectations; visually in the juxtaposition of elements within the frame to create stark contrast, the depiction of shock/surprise in the facial expression of participants. Superlativeness through: intensification/quantification, comparison, references to strong emotions, metaphor, simile; visually construed through the repetition of elements in the frame, or extreme emotions in participants, use of wide-angle lens. Personalization through: references to emotion, quotes from ‘ordinary’ people, references to individuals; visually by singling out one participant in the frame, depicting emotions, close-up shot. Personalization has been said to be ‘most striking in the popular press. Aesthetics Sometimes, an event is construed as beautiful or aesthetically noteworthy and therefore newsworthy. The aesthetic quality of the image, along with the ability to make a pun between the headline and the image make this event newsworthy and the story worthy of a position on the front page. The rhetorical devices that help to make a political speech memorable and exciting to an audience are:

- soundbite  a short sentence or phrase that is easy to remember, often included in a speech made by a politician and repeated in newspapers and on television. highlights/best parts/key points/focal points, require economy of expression: brief, and with language structures easy to repeat and to be remembered. - Binomials  two or more words or phrases belonging to the same grammatical category or having some semantic or phonological relationship and joined by “and” or “or”. Sometimes they can have extra idiomatic meaning such as “by and large” that means “generally”; semi-fixed phrases common in language in general: Very popular in legal language, and quite a popular feature in political language - Bicolons  expression with two parallel phrases; longer than binomials - Tricolons  three parallelism items, repetition of three words or phrases. Frequent in political speeches. It creates unity. Sometimes we can have a crescendo effect in Tricolons (friends, romans, countrymen); one of the most common means of eliciting approval, gives a sense of unity and completeness, Each of the three parts has a similar lexical and syntactic structure with a degree of variation, repetition but with different prepositions, different words with a similar meaning, spoken aloud, prosodic features (tempo, rhythm - Contrasting pairs or Antithesis  is a structure containing two parts which are parallel in structure but at the same time opposed in meaning. (Often used to contrast “them” and “us” phrases); they may use repetition to make the overall effect. - Chiasmus  a special form of contrasting pairs where the elements of the first part are switched around in the second one; - Oxymorons  two apparent contradictory elements combined in a single word, phrase or epigram (bittersweet, being cruel to be kind, radical conservative, extreme moderate). Used to make an argument by negatively evaluating someone, or something, by suggesting that the two components are incompatible. ( Extreme moderate ) - Pronoun reference  Pronoun reference is very important in political persuasion. All them exploits the Jakobson’s “poetic function” playing with the sound and rhythmic of language. - Metaphor s  is a figure of speech in which a name or a quality is attributed to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a similarity, the aim is to establish a comparison between one idea and another one.. Some metaphors are easy to detect, other are enclosed in the language: metaphors which, over time, have become lexicalized (so defined in dictionaries with a new meaning) as body of an essay, world wide web Metaphor work as an entity which is re-applied or transferred to another identity, which is usually a very different type from the source. Metaphors can express evaluation. The fact that the process of comparison is not fully conscious makes metaphors powerful in persuading people. Metaphors can be part of different semantic fields such as: sport, war, military… News stories use a lot of metaphors to construe, for example, consonance. A very common practice is the use of metaphor that involves the liquid dimension, i.e. the flood of refugees; refugees are streaming home; overflowing refugees camps. They are used to describe situation with refugees (they are used because they refer to negative events). - Similes  is a statement that makes a comparison between two entities which are very unlikely (Putin is like a shark). They contain an over expression of comparison such as: like, is like, acts like, resembles, looks like, as…as, seems like, gives the impression of and so on. In political discourse they exploit the analogy of two deliberately very different things in the roles of target and source. They also contain an explicit lexical signal of comparison and they are often accompanied by an “explanation” of why the source and the target are supposedly similar. Plus they are evaluative therefore are used to persuade. Metaphors and Similes can both create evaluation but they can also be used to share values for example during campaigning. - Metonymies  is a figure of speech consisting in Replacing the name of something with something which is connected to it, or is a part of it, without being the whole thing, , so there is the allusion to some entity by mentioning something else connected or associated to it. In politics important and productive metonymies are toponymical, that is, the places where political events happen, are used to stand for those events themselves. e. g. the white house represents the president of the United States, the government, Washington stands for the US Government, the Crown indicates sovereignty. Sometimes the cited entity that refers to something else can also be a part of it (this something else). Sometimes also national or ethnic stereotypes are used to create metonymies. Synecdoche  Part of something refers to whole. It is sometimes considered a subclass of metonymy. A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole, the whole for a part, the specific for the general, the general for the specific, or the material for the thing made from it. It is a synecdoche if A is part of B, or vice versa. It is a metonymy if A is commonly associated to B but it is not necessarily a part of it. Analogy  comparing two objects of different types; but these two objects have certain elements in common. Objects of the first kind have a certain characteristic: it is not known if objects of the second kind have it or not, but by analogy we conclude that since objects of the two kinds have certain things in common, they may have other things in common as well. The aim is to attempt to explain or clarify a certain situation Also Personification is used to express evaluation and to persuade. -Cohesion: the way a text develop and holds together; it’s the organisation of larger units of texts, beyond the sentence boundaries, so paragraphs open with clear connections to what has been said before; Lexical: repetition or reiteration, synonyms; Grammatical: conjuction, discourse markers, demonstratives. DISCOURSE is considered as multimodal and multisemiotic: language and images. “News Discourse” discusses the discourse that audiences come across in news programmes, on news websites, or in the newspapers. we are overwhelmed by it and it shapes our ideas and behaviours, so it has influence on us. different approaches in Linguistic: 1) The Sociolinguistic Approach : focuses on the correlations between News Discourse and social factors. Bell and Jucker have pointed out that the language of newspapers varies depending on target audience. 2 ) The Conversation Analytical Approach : focuses on the close analysis of spoken interaction. 3) The Systemic Functional Linguistic Approach : focuses from the point of view of register and genres describing and discussing the different purposes, linguistic features, the different structures as well as the notion of authorial voice and the expression of subjectivity in news discourse. 4) The Pragmatic/Stylistic Approach : includes pragmatic analysis, discussions of presentation and perspective, genre status, style and register. 5) The Practice-focused Approach : provides insights into news discourse and journalistic practices. The Ethnographic Approach:

about “sensational journalism”. As Icon: Iconic images are images that function as symbolic representations of key moments in history: war for example. However, this potential to provoke strong reactions may also mean that photographs are sometimes deliberately withheld: Barack Obama, decided not to release images showing the body of Osama bin Laden. As Evaluation: The ability for iconic images to have an enduring effect on our visual memories is not only because they capture a critical moment in the unfolding of an event but also because such images carry huge emotional appeal. This strong emotional engagement with the viewer can be achieved in the capturing of dramatic, graphic or emotionally confronting images. From a semiotic perspective can function to establish an evaluative stance on the events retold in the story. As Aesthetic: Some think that photographers are always conscious of the aesthetic potential of any news image they produce and others instead say that there is a concern with composition rather than action. I mages and the organization of news Images have capacity to function as evidence and are able to elicit strong emotional responses in the audience; and some of these images may enter the national psyche as icons. It is important to note that considerations for page layout, the size of images on the page and the relations between the verbal and visual text are also significant. Journalists today speak of “designer’s newspaper”. From a linguistic perspective, Bateman refers to the rhetorical organization of image and text within a single page layout as “page-flow”. He states that page-flow is of central importance because it is the primary “resource” that multisemiotic genres build upon. Bateman further suggests that newspapers rely on the page-flow model because when we read the newspaper there are many chunks that can be read about many different topics and without any necessary order imposed. The more open structure of news storytelling, such as updates, are beginning to influence the whole of broadcast news, and to have a significant effect on the ways in which discourse, audience and news events interact. For exemple the distinct postural shifts enacted by the newsreader as he moves from addressing the audience to addressing the correspondent on the video screen in the studio. Investigates the role of thumbnail images in newsbites, the short headline-plus-lead-plus-hyperlink stories on newspaper website homepages. Each home page is a complex sign, consisting of a range of visual and visual–verbal signs which function as coherent structural elements. Their social purpose is to present the focal point of a news story with immediacy and impact. Other new practices emerging in the online environment can be seen in the “Multimedia” sections of newspaper websites. Here, audiences can engage with photo galleries, videos, interactives, graphics or audio slideshows that are often hyperlinked to written news stories elsewhere on the website. Further, major world events are not only streamed live on news websites, but are then packaged up into shorter “themed” units for audiences to relive their favourite moments from the event. Text–image relations in news discourse: Overlap, displacement and dichotomy Textual strategies deployed in TV news. Three “action components” in the news item: the actors; the activities/events; the affected/effect/outcome. Then he proposes three categories for relating these components to each other in the form of image/text relations:

overlap: where the visual track and the verbal track share the same action component, either directly or metonymically;
displacement: where the visual and verbal tracks represent different action components of the same event (e.g. text reports the causes, images the effects);
dichotomy: where the visual and verbal tracks represent action components of different events. Text–image relations in moving images By intersemiotic relationship we mean the relations between different semiotic systems such as language and image (e.g. the relation between the voice-over and what is depicted in a shot), whereas intrasemiotic relationship refers to relations within one semiotic system (e.g. relations between images/shots or relations between sentences/clauses). Let’s start with intersemiotic relationships in moving images. Overlap can be achieved through shared reference between the verbal and visual tracks, for example, in the use of spatial deixis (here) and demonstrative reference (this man). Displacement: “film footage and text represent different action components of the same event”, can be seen in the typical cause– effect type reporting of natural disasters. The cause, an earthquake or tornado or cyclone, may be restated in the verbal text while the pictures show the devastation, destroyed buildings, debris and loss of life. Dichotomy: instances where film footage and text represent action components of different events. It is also important to consider intrasemiotic relations: the relations between shots in the visual track (shot sequencing) and between clauses and sentences in the verbal track. Just as clauses and sentences can build up a structure through temporal, comparative, causal or conditional relations, similar logical relations can also be identified for sequences of images. In general, it seems that when engaging with moving images viewers often expect the shots to relate to each other and attempt to make sense of each shot in terms of its position in the sequence. Furthermore, synchronized editing, where the transition from one shot to another coincides with clause and sentence boundaries, may help to establish parallelism between the verbal and visual track. When we consider the relations that hold between elements in online videos or televised reports or indeed other types of news discourse where moving images are used, we need to analyse not just the relations between words and images/shots but also the relations between clauses/sentences and between shots. The relations between images and different parts of the verbal text regard: the caption, headline and body text. We are going to investigate these elements in televisual news (moving images) and in print news (still images). Text–image relations in still images
1. Image/caption relations  Caple has theorized this minor clause as a “prosodic tail” in relation to its use in stand-alone stories. It is often playful and requires the reader to be familiar with the text as a whole (including the image) in order to decode its meaning.
2. Image/headline relations  The relationship between headlines and images is typically a lot less direct than that between images and their captions. Indeed, in the majority of cases, the headline text has little or nothing to do with any images associated with the story. Rather, headlines are most often extrapolated from the lead paragraphs of the verbal text and hence form a very close relationship with the lead. This is also a reflection of the institutional practices of news writing, where headlines are usually written by subeditors not journalists or photographers. In general, it would seem as if most news stories do not enjoy very close intersemiotic relationships between image and headline, although particular kinds of stories may do so.
3. Image/body text relations  it is likely that all three of these relations are present as the image will often capture a particular moment in the unfolding of an event while the story text will also relate to the happenings on either side of the captured moment as well as point to other matters of news value in the event. Text–image relations in sequenced images At their most basic, online news galleries are authored sequences of images and captions constructed around a news event or according to themes or time. Since such galleries involve image/verbiage complexes of still image and caption (and often headline) and are at the same time sequences of images, they can be analysed both for the relations that hold between each still image and its accompanying verbal text ( inter semiotic relations), as well as for the relations that hold between images ( intra semiotic relations). Evaluation is concerned with the expression of speaker/writer opinion or subjectivity. Is the language which expresses the opinion, attitude and point of view of a speaker or a writer. Evaluation indicates if the speaker/writer thinks that something is good or bad and is the basis of persuasion in life and politics as well. The persuader uses evaluative language to try to convince the audience that their own opinions are good, worthy and so on. Evaluation can be expressed: - òvertly; - còvertly: the speaker or the writer provides no explicit linguistic clues but manipulate the audience’s ability to understand if something is good or bad. (goal achievement, survival, desires). Implicit evaluation also depends upon expecting the audience to share with you similar moral and socio-political values. Both these kinds of evaluation can be achieved through grammatical, textual or lexical means.
4. Grammatical Evaluation  comparatives (better/worse than, richer/poorer), the system of transitivity that indicate evaluation and evaluation of responsibility.
5. Textual Evaluation  created by the particular position or ordering “blocks” of language in certain places in a text, throught transitivity. Who is the Doer, Who is the Done-to in an action or event? Transitivity enables the language user to place the participants and events in a particular order and allows him/her to express evaluations of responsibility. If the action is positive, it is a means of assigning praise and if the action is negative, it is a way of assigning blame; in some cases it is a way of hiding blame. Useful is to look at the use of pronouns because they change according to weather a participant is an active doer (I, you, she, he, etc.) or a passive done-to (me, him, her, us, etc.) or a possessor (mine, yours, hers etc.) so we have to look also at the verb associated with the doer. There are many ways of saying the same thing, so speakers/writers can choose one of this many ways. The choice of the vocabulary can reveal a lot about the opinion of the speaker/writer on a specific chosen matter. There is a difference between: - denotational meaning: that is the basic meaning of the words; - connotation meaning: that is the meaning expressed by the words, the associations to those words. Closely related to the question of good or bad evaluative connotation is the question of the difference between the labels a group chooses to describe itself and those used by the outside the group to describe it. The correct terms to refer to this concept is “insider” words (good) and “outsider” words. Evaluations can relate to different meaning dimensions such as disapproval, complexity and unexpectedness. (Thompson and Hunston) Evaluative parameters refer to the standards, norms and values according to which we evaluate something through language. Speakers and writers can evaluate situations as good or bad, expected or unexpected, important or unimportant, and so on. Un/importance: evaluate the world and discourse about it according to a subjective evaluation in terms of importance, relevance, significance and related notions. A useful paraphrase for such evaluations is “how important or how unimportant does this appear?” We could also include notions of stardom/famousness/influence/authority considering statements that relate to how well-known, influential or powerful news actors and sources are said to be. In/comprehensibility : have to do with the degree to which journalists, news actors or sources evaluate entities, situations, states-of- affair, or statements in stories as being within or outside their understanding. What is vague is less easily comprehensible; what is

explicit is more easily comprehensible. It also incorporates the concepts of inexplicability and mystery, including unsolved problems, and states of affairs that are unknown to us and remain mysterious. A useful paraphrase for such evaluations is “how comprehensible or easy, or how incomprehensible or difficult, does this appear?” They can be used to create a slight aura of mystery and/or drama. Are used to be accurate about the limits of the reported information. Im/possibility or In/ability: is related to the linguistic concepts of modality, and concern evaluations of what is (not) possible. A useful paraphrase for such evaluations is “how possible or how impossible does this appear?” Un/necessity: deals with what linguists have traditionally described as deontic and dynamic modality or modulation. It relates to the use of modal verbs, nouns, adjectives, or adverbs and other linguistic items that express evaluations of what is (not) necessary. A useful paraphrase for such evaluations is “how necessary or how unnecessary does this appear?” This may be used to justify political decisions or to inform citizens about actions to undertake. Such evaluations can also be tied to expressing dis/approval, commenting “that what is shouldn’t be” (thereby implicitly evaluating it as bad) and what isn’t should be. Emotivity: is concerned with the journalist’s or source’s evaluation of events, things, people, activities, or other evaluated entities as positive (good) or negative (bad). A useful general paraphrase for such evaluations is “how positive or how negative does this appear?” Often relate to the evaluative stance of a particular news organization, whether political or ideological. They are also used for construing and attracting a target audience. Newspapers, for instance, will aim to construe a story “which is in line with what they think are the opinions, attitudes, and feelings – hence, the evaluative stance – of (the majority of) their readers”. Un/genuineness or In/authenticity : how genuine or how artificial social actors or aspects of the news event are. A useful paraphrase for such evaluations is “how real, true, and authentic or how fake, false, and artificial, does this appear?” Absent in radio or podcasts but sometimes occurs in online news. Evaluating someone or something as “genuine” equals a positive evaluation and evaluating someone or something as “fake” equals a negative evaluation. Reliability: relate to evaluations of how probable it is that future events will happen. A useful paraphrase for such evaluations is “how likely or how unlikely does it appear that this will happen?” Used by journalists in news stories to express hypotheses as well as to predict happenings and to speculate about future events. Predictions using evaluations of Reliability may be a typical way of referring to such consequences or impact. Un/expectedness: involves evaluations of aspects of the world as more or less expected or unexpected. A useful paraphrase for such evaluations is “how expected or how unexpected does this appear?”Notion of contrast expressed by conjunctions, adverbs (e.g. but, while, still, although, though, even) and negation (e.g. no, not, only). In fact, much linguistic research has shown that negated statements (statements with no, not, only, etc.) are connected to notions of counter-expectation and are used to refer to deviations from what we would expect to be the case. A more implicit way of creating Unexpectedness would be to single out actions that deviate from those that we normally or typically associate with particular groups of people, for example, schoolboys and rape.Increasing the newsworthiness of what is reported by appealing to the news value of Unexpectedness (an unexpected development; believe it or not), providing logical structure to the news story despite, but, though) and contributing to negative evaluation. Evidentiality : give information about the bases (or “evidence”) of statements and information. “Evidential” expressions answer questions such as “How do we know? What is the basis of journalists’ and others’ knowledge? What kind of evidence do we have for this?” Because such questions and their answers are frequently tied to judgements about the reliability of such knowledge, it is useful to consider them as part of evaluation. We can make a sub-distinction between at least seven different possible bases of information: Speech, Thought, Expectation, Emotion, Perception, Proof, General Knowledge, Unspecified basis. Expressions of Evidentiality abound in news stories. They are used by journalists to give bases for subjective statements and to evaluate the reliability of different kinds of information. This is because we attach different degrees of reliability to different bases. The parameter of Mental State: The question we are asking is: “how do people feel (about this)?” Associated with the different kinds of mental states actors can experience: emotions, volition (wishes and intentions), beliefs, expectations and knowledge. As we have seen, some of these mental states can be used to attribute statements to sources, but they can also be used without necessarily attributing a statement to a source. Indeed, Semino and Short found that in the British press it is more often the case to find beliefs, opinions or emotions about specific states of affairs than to introduce a thought act. To increase the news values of Personalization, Negativity or Unexpectedness (emotion of surprise). More generally, references to news actors’ emotions are of immense importance in news discourse, providing colour and human interest. Resources for expressing evaluation: Resources for expressing evaluation include both lexical and grammatical means and vary in the way in which they relate to evaluation and the extent to which they might be semantically classifiable as expressing “opinion”. Evaluative parameters may be directly and explicitly referred to through language, such as when speakers/writers use terms like great, fantastic or brilliant to evaluate something positively (Emotivity) or when modal expressions (may, perhaps, possibility.. .) are employed. In contrast, the same parameter may be more indirectly implied; when some news does not include any explicitly evaluative language but may imply positive or negative evaluation depending on the reader’s or writer’s position, values and background. We also need to look at the text itself and our cultural/background knowledge to consider aspects such as irony, or sarcasm. To identify evaluation, Thompson and Hunston suggest looking for “signals of comparison, subjectivity, and social value”. Other techniques that can be used to identify evaluative expressions include trying to paraphrase, find synonyms for, or look up the dictionary meanings of these expressions. Language is fundamental to the process of transforming politic will into social action. Any political action is prepared, controlled and influenced by language. The “language of politic” can be defined as the language used by institutions of governance to conduct their business, to communicate with other institutions and with the rest of the society. Our experience of politics is usually mediated from medias, television, radio and so on. In political linguistics politic is “the art of persuasion” or also known as “ rhetoric ”. Persuasion is achieved by the skilful use of language while rhetoric is language at work. In totalitarian regime people who have power rule through coercion and manipulation of the information. In a pluralist democracy language in politic is used to persuade in debates. The art of political persuasion or the art of rhetoric was born in the ancient Greece. Rhetoric was generally used in politics, law and in public debates. According to Aristotle rhetoric has three basic appeals:

ethos  establishing credentials to justify why you are a person to be listened to;
logos  presenting logical reasons;
pathos  appeal to the audience’s emotions. Aristotle also says that rhetoric is always employed in our everyday life because he believes that it is part of the human interaction. In terms of speech act theory, studying rhetoric consists in studying the perlocutionary intent of utterances: the effect that the speaker wish to have on his audience.For Plato rhetoric is a “speech-rigger” that is “manipulation”. A deficit between complex- sounding rhetorical argument and the truth. He also thought that rhetoric could be explained only by philosophers. According to the Scholastics orators of the middle age when we talk about rhetoric we can also refers to big sounding words but effectively to “empty” language. So it is the art of persuasion in the attempt to influence the behavior of others (Aristotle); the manipulation of an audience for personal ends. (Plato); grandiloquence, or the use of high-sounding but empty language. Spin doctors : “ spin ”: (baseball) putting spin on a ball is a pitcher’s technique used to fool or deceive an opponen t, “ doctor ”: a “healer”, someone who resolves a problem, a crisis. Someone who deceives, present a false picture to suit the politician, employed to publish favorable commentary on the opinion and actions of a politician in order to prevent negative publicity. Spin is a form of propaganda and often implies the use of highly manipulative tactics.The category of “professional persuaders” is generally formed by: politicians, spokespersons, media opinion-makers, layers, publicity and public relations experts, writers, newspapers editors. Another important concept is the one of “spin” that is the tailoring of news and information on its release to the public to caste a favourable light on the institutions of authority. From a political point of view this means that the politician or his/her agent hopes to spin their political message so that it will reach the public without the intervention of a critical press. This process is necessary because the press tends to create conflicts distorting the politician message. Therefore, each party has its own press officers who deals with the public media but sometimes the relation between them is not pacific. They are often accused of hiding the truth and interfering. These press officers are called informally “spin-doctors”, manipulate the truth and create a biased interpretation of events for the person or group that hired them. How is SPIN placed on a story? the overall political effect that is desired , celebrating success or ridiculing failure , the way information is presented metaphors to influence the audience’s view of the event , claiming credit or distributing blame or guilt , emphasizing the role of a participant/action , minimizing the role of a participant/action , foregrounding or backgrounding a participant through ACTIVE or PASSIVE voice : the practice of making or not making something stand out from the surrounding words or images. Hooray words  words with a socially positive connotation, approved by the audience (natural, authentic). Examples of Hooray words in modern English-language politics: modernisation, justice, equality, respect, efficiency. Boo words  typically words that have a negative connotation, disapproved by the audience (inequality, unfairness, injustice, artificial). For many also the term “capitalism” is a boo word, for others instead the term “socialist” is a boo word. For example, in the US “Washington” is a boo word for Republicans, as “Wall Street” for Democrats. In UK, for the Scots who want to leave UK, “Westminster” is a boo word. These meanings can vary for different groups of people. What about modal verbs? Thompson says that modality is the space between “yes” and “no”. Modality is intertwined with the expression of evaluation and they can bear various type of evaluation. THE US DECLARATION OF INDIPENDENCE: CASE STUDY The real “Declaration” comes only in the last paragraph because in the previous one there are only justifications to the act of rebellion. The tone is both accusatory against George the third and defensive in order to justify the secession. We can also find a bit of hypocrisy in it towards slaves. Jefferson himself had slaves. It is above anything else, an attempt of persuasion. There are two attempts of persuasion:

one for unity to an internal audience, the colonists;
one for legitimacy and understanding of motivation to an external audience, in Britain and elsewhere. Pronouns here are very interesting. The dichotomy Us Vs He occurs frequently. He represents King George is seen as negative as the Do-er of something bad against the “Us”. The most frequent pronoun in the Declaration is “we/our”. -Case Study: This Fourth of July is Yours, not Mine Frederik Douglass was a slave escaped in the northern states where he became a campaigner for the abolition of slavery. He made this speech back in 1852. He speaks about liberty and independence exploiting rhetoric.

text we becomes the referendum party that is asking us to vote for them; we have also the graphological device of bold type, so the pronoun you (which appears in bold) but also other words, and this is also a mean of persuasion that creates cohesion in the text. The last line ( we urge you to put your country before your party ) appeals to a sense of nationalism but also recalls the famous WWI poster ( your country needs you ) so it can be a reference to that. Junctions and anaphoric references and the graphological devices are used. Tuesday’s deadline for bids on a license to operate a slots parlor at the state-financed Rocky Gap Lodge in Western Maryland came and went without a single submission – the second time that gambling at the struggling resort has failed to draw a qualified proposal. Donald C. Fry, chairman of the state Video Lottery Facility Location Commission, which is tasked with choosing proposals and awarding licenses for the state’s five approved slots sites, said about four companies expressed interest when the bidding process on the Rocky Gap site began late this summer, but by the afternoon deadline, no one had submitted a proposal or the required $100, deposit. Noun phrases are used to indicate, for example, time (to express timeliness, Tuesday’s deadline, this summer ); we have noun phrases that express place ( state-financed Rocky Gap Lodge in … , state’s five approved slots sites ); we have also noun phrases that function to indicate/to label news actor ( four companies, chairman of… and so on) also this noun phrases can express news values, so they can express intensification ( without a single submission ) they can express evaluation ( the struggling resort ). This extract contains proper names ( Rocky Gap, Western Maryland, Donald C. Fry ) and they refer to places and people and this, somehow, express prominence; they can also express proximity. There are no pronouns in this exert. IMMIGRANT The article of the guardian could be read as a sort of answer of the daily mails’ because it refuses the reliability of the reported figures. The structure is typical, several differences regarding the function and the way the construe news values can be observed. The headlines have an informative function but they also want to attract the reader so they have also a personal function; the news value that we can find is negativity. Daily mail is a right-wing newspaper; a strong emotional verb try to push the reader to believe in the national statistics, they also use many figures in the sub headline to prove the objectivity of the news, so they construe impact and superlativeness. Instead THE GUARDIAN is a left-wing newspaper, in the sub headline there is indirect quote of the MPs that construe prominence but also negativity and evaluation (because the question the official migration statistics and deprive them of credibility). The DAILY MAIL headline is longer, they used the subjective verb reveal and reported the statistics to create the image of the UK families being denied access to social services by immigrants; they also use the modal verb ‘will’ which conveys a sort of authorial assertion, while in THE GUARDIAN we have the words official and statistics, which could be considered authorial but the power contained in this words is subverted using the quote ‘ little better than a guess’. In the intro/lead and also in the body/lead development, THE DAILY MAIL takes up the main idea expressed in the headline, they construe proximity, timeliness, consonance (because this story fits the stereotype of immigrants that steal in our country). With ‘most are British born’ they try to construe personalization; it contributes to create an opinion in the reader. In the use of numbers, the DAILY MAILS use larger scale numbers (it use expression like record numbers, record highs, mass migration, large scale migration ) so they try to emphasize this, while THE GUARDIAN use smooth scale expression ( a tiny number, lowest level, little more, only, just a thousand migrants ) so they try to minimize the fact. NORTH KOREA Per quanto riguarda la headline, c’è una differenza nel verbo. Per quanto riguarda la BBC NEWS utilizza il verbo ‘blames’ mentre quello locale utilizza ‘accuses’, il che risulta più diretto e pesante; inoltre, la BBC dice ‘il colloquio interrotto’ mentre l’altro dice ‘il colloquio sabotato’. Per quanto riguarda il linguaggio degli articoli, nell’articolo internazionale la negatività viene data da verbi, aggettivi ecc. mentre in quello locale viene espressa soprattutto dal discorso diretto, inoltre in quest’ultimo si tiene a sottolineare le colpe della corea del sud; l’articolo della BBC tende a dare maggiori informazioni e riferimenti al passato riguardo quello che è successo (poiché sa che, molto probabilmente, si rivolge a un pubblico che non sa tutto ciò che è successo). The first article tries to convey the message that the responsible of the failed meeting is north Korea. Se vediamo l’inizio di entrambi gli articoli vediamo che nel caso di BBC contiene elementi di quasi drammatizzazione dell’evento (dicendo proprio che questi incontri dovevano avere luogo ma che poi sono stati cancellati) arrivando, poi, alla dichiarazione da parte della corea del nord, mentre il quotidiano coreano arriva direttamente alla dichiarazione che la colpa è della corea del sud e indica anche il giorno, cosa che nel primo articolo non c’è, dando per scontato che il lettore sappia già cosa è successo nei giorni precedenti. In the second article there are no references to other countries (except south Korea), while in the first article there’s the mention of European institution (so the second is more international). There are less news actor in the 2nd^ article; In the 1st^ article we have the news value of Prominence and there’s a lot of intertextuality and references to other previous events and to other countries that we don’t find in the second article (which is directed to a domestic audience). Also, in the second one the register is more colloquial/informal. ICE-BLOCK KID Karlee,2, survives six hours locked out of home at – 22°C (The Sun) Girl frozen alive on her own doorstep (The Daily Telegraph) The Sun aims to attract attention and uses both a capitalized headline and a sub-headline. It pervades more information than the Telegraph aiming to catch the reader’s interest. The colloquial noun KID is typical of the paper’s chatty style. The use of the present tense creates a sense of immediacy, adding to the dramatic impact. The Telegraph uses a straightforward, factual headline which is simple and yet still dramatic. It is a simple sentence in structure. The prepositional phrase functioning as an adverbial highlights the fact that this took place at home, making the story more interesting. It does not use capitalization. Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi says young women should follow the money when looking for a partner, noting that women seem to like him and ‘I’m loaded’. Mr. Berlusconi, who was embroiled in a sex scandal last year and is known for his gaffes, also raised eyebrows with a joke about Hitler’s followers urging him to return to power. (The Globe and Mail [Print], 14 September 2010) - prominence and negativity e.g. 1 IT’S PADDY PANTSDOWN (The Sun) Mps rally* to Ashdown (The Independent) Each of the two headlines reports on the same event: the revelation that the politician Paddy Ashdown had had an affair with his secretary. The Independent considers the political results of the event. The Sun focuses on the more sordid side of the event, punning on Ashdown‘s name and the collocation “caught with your pants down”. In the 10 years they have been together, Charissa Benjamin and her Serbian husband have always flown from their home in Washington to spend the winter holidays in her native Antigua But with the lowest economy class fare this year advertised at about 1 500 more than twice the 700 she paid in 2009 Benjamin is considering ringing in 2011 with her husband’s family in decidedly chillier Belgrade Flights there cost half as much as those to the Caribbean. (‘Passengers face sticker shock as airfares soar’, Miami Herald International edition, 10 November 2010 p 1) : It begins with a name, so a reference to an individual and her husband. Identify a specific person by name is more personalizing than a more generalized person. They can use a title, the surname, also the including of social categories (so giving details about that person) even the role of that person and physical characteristic. Thirsty foreigners soak up scarce water rights International investors are circling Australia’s water market, looking to snap up hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of our most precious national resource, with almost no government limit on how much they can buy. : Here we have, again, a sort of boring event that concerns water rights that has been made newsworthy. It is used thirsty foreigners to convey the negative aspect; here is created the distinction between Australian and foreigners (also with our most precious national resource). Also they are represented as agent of negative actors. It goes along with the Australian thought that foreigner are stealing their resources. The world’s best triathletes imposed themselves on Sydney yesterday for all the wrong reasons after mass road closures turned the city into a gridlocked nightmare. The day began with super fit athletes chasing each other around the Opera House, Harbour Bridge and harbour, and ended with thousands of frustrated motorists cursing the fallout from their efforts: It is a piece of news about a triathlon in Sydney (usually not worthy of much attention). The journalist makes the news interesting using evaluative language, reference to emotion and negative vocabulary. Then we have quantification etc. that construe the news value of negative, superlativeness etc. Capital letters, the word terror, the black background, the number 120, bombs etc. tells us the impact of the tragedy. So there are several news values expressed. In the 10 years they have been together, Charissa Benjamin and her Serbian husband have always flown from their home in Washington to spend the winter holidays in her native Antigua But with the lowest economy class fare this year advertised at about 1 500 more than twice the 700 she paid in 2009 Benjamin is considering ringing in 2011 with her husband’s family in decidedly chillier Belgrade Flights there cost half as much as those to the Caribbean. (‘Passengers face sticker shock as airfares soar’, Miami Herald International edition, 10 November 2010 p 1) It begins with a name, so a reference to an individual and her husband. Identify a specific person by name is more personalizing than a more generalized person. They can use a title, the surname, also the including of social categories (so giving details about that person) even the role of that person and physical characteristic. The same linguistic feature can build more than 1 news value. So the metaphor about refugees’ construe both superlativeness (because it refers to the number of refugees) and consonance (because it is a commonly used metaphor). Also we have references to the impact of an event that construe the news value of negativity and also superlativeness

Drivers were washed away in their cars, a house was swept off its foundations, a railway line was suspended in midair and a shipping container ripped up roads as the rushing waters savaged Toowoomba, Lockyer Valley, Grantham and Murphys Creek in just one hour.

Here we have the use of negative vocabulary and the use of intensification to describe the consequences of the flood. So there are several linguistic devices that are used simultaneously because they can construe several news values. In this case they construe negativity, superlativeness because they talk about the consequences of the floods.

News Discourse Analysis: Approaches, Values, and Text-Image Relations, Appunti di Lingua Inglese

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