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+ OUTPUT Lezion 1 22 /02/ 2038 Evidences «F Ho eristence ef phofeas (useh) contept) IE is nt pessibl h fida Single exprunment Her fora you te Deliri In protons ? Ta 4 pun Kar Tu Physis vr sQuays sgh nu Pow P medls “Porve Need more meclels > T) Blackbeol, Yreowy x) Photoeleclyie ehfeck ST) Gwpton scettering 2) Cavity vit enm. waves is ice de We Omsdey | - the conti, ot ve ! vati a volume V - Stomcbg em. Waves zu Flea apri lbniwm * Number of em. vas fer suit Prevency: N(v)dv = st v'Vdb ci L Classicely each E = VT wave Comies a contributien of energy «qual Te: (Lumn equiporzion ) Hioueve, tras imme, aù fach +e uerg, fer auf volume oud gii È Pregvney is: Nlv) dv è gt V ci UsT L'dv -, vlhavidkt cafastrapla So +e eutgy deusity goes 95: î, i classi So P&Uk came vp viti Ph ade Fit waves cau Halle ve cry disnere Velugs of ergy < Esnbe vil 30,42, cd 4£ = hv L, Tris changs Hi averag cusgy Sf Stares (407 Ha deusity) Hot: _ ” E = A£ de ele -1 _ a Ard fish We obra: | P_(v)dv = Lv hv _ di o ci UA est -1 | f v This comespordo fo +e IT) Photoelectric eFfect Vacuum tube win two ekctrodes (Lt omsad f a copautor) cole ‘ Tuttush, AV o, A+ Vv + Emilied clectrons com reoch +he catode with 4v=0, rey sazurape val high 4V cud ty cut prc +ha corea if Avo. . TR we ubowog Pe dutegiy QghF, +e number e fo << sims bob Pre SFoppi ma, Volteg ruvosdis tue goa sima TE depuds cn Ero Pregiouey ef Gig | AVA Ne electren for Veuve WiSSich Vo Vv Etosicin expline +e phevem enon vvià Pue Uypo thesis that Gght 15 obswizd in a ” GUAI uergy Ep = ho + Gusidemòg tue cuogy @Uels of arms, it als Lux: Î_ 3 We: work fauclion (mes Cile@; eve brit. celebre Va sù tue Prui ga to alserb tre oneigy) ovno Eyera) LEVELS hi Kinetic energy lo > Em: hr: We K So the masimum Jada Megy L ssi ÌS | ue: hv- vw The Stoping poi Vespe d to bue quesy Inspo steps ue. e AVo + KS = hiv - Vo spo AV. = hv - Wo e e (I $ 4 phon + I cu mey "2w Ik . Liam nensy: TN Gv mu IHplee fer Er aa + photeus per su time cud su ore mn) Compton Sco teri x-vays, vvave @ughh A \Me Stody Pie diFfrechéò som fucho, o Ha Quagl. 595 fer P=Ag0o' TO hw elastic sceltvig > Asest + RAYLEIGH STEIN, Fr Da 480° T have fastie scale A XA > 6 v ave qualastio scaltiuag —> Srppon pel ; ENPUINEMON: Tue x-Yay photon has dost seme evergy qu a n callision with au eleckren (The soma far last sc.) but colission wiHi cu aram wdch js much Peaisor) Te TL duveve, a quarte sutera tim bere maller owd vacvarion Mewever vuuito Ha It coprenti we uddistand lor Pe cm. waves ave guudiie) also wai Prave Ming _ EM. VUAVES ov quanrized alsc by Flumeelues, het culy Whey Ying v satevact. Note: TL camt Know if sometning 1 oQeady Qu before +e i lerachtim 1h becomes Gila that after ua sbtectim = Wo det Uiew rel, hew abserbhon op eusiom Weyl , we huow Hu veul gd At eluvwes to have îr Wepprto Note: A preton cu be deck Using Hr prorelechnic « (Riot (more gel, veundays it iSmit improve Phat tra phon 5 euche), boP Fit conond Fs oQuays Fhap oa _pheten nutenack i que electra « lets Soppor to have a defecter for profons Tia respond ìs a Squta P pur fer every phten al soyled Der MP t LIGHT Proton statistics (in cktectia systems) T cos divi Fa time uotervois ug cut how many stberectim Phon av i cel sulerval . 4/90 )21 ETRE AZIO Do Dei fi di i i. x + Phetodletechon eve da every sutervi 7 + Tris number cam be tveaded asa RANDON VARIABLE Th mest typicol Sihuatim de study # wlon T have a Stazinary sovre Meper fer PHeteDETECION STATISTICS WITH CoASTAUT INTE NSITY C of cetectionin a short dine infenol SE is PROPRIONA. Yo: - The ber infestty T = The illuminate ore A = The Home ubtervi AE 2) tf AL 40, Me probability + gt mae Han om PhetodetecH'on < ; (tx Por Semiclassica) qproscn vere evUuT iS hegligibk Mid < phetens ami 3 Vendim) 3) Delechion events sù d'Arwur intero! ar STATISTIALY INDERENOENT (ic) v T Hole ove suterei aud T divida 4 im inFivitsime ntervols AE Tu a tove-bin AL He aver AE vr: NALE 4 U lola T loan dr Pr mm tasuremto an dia ala Put caleval o T Ar puikS ! De probabilità of detection im dt is: p= BIAM , = rermellzorion constant + Te protobitity + detect n photons in the folI intere T equi te he preci derecfiom QUWUaS © DI awau N defeclions cud (N-n) nen n Non \ GC): p(1-p) NI ni (Nm)! ( Phne rolio comes from Ombivatery Sino I dont core x which sufenval Pe dalection Lofgus) number f photo de tectiom eUDURS 15! n, = O- (41- P) + 4-P 3 ps ECAAL (sE 2 prete ; guido pass sen alpi om tosto] So, in He vuvok interva © inave +e sum 0g all fhe cous: uN Np — Ped N ) uu __N-%n From whie ve cu write: (n) N (4) (+4) vini \ N N = New I mal Pt Linut fo Nato (id est AL +0 ) usi Ha Stiria 5 Afproxiomation : N' » ferN (N) (approx Ni vl is 58) Q N-n (N-n)! + far (Na) (N22) e ! NI Nu) + NO a (I (Da) (Ac) \ N-n N-h e (nen)! _ Ale: eveybhiyg hes NA won N3® ® , red bt opprotina dal Then TC cou newnike: Usìa SHrliny - N” » ( Nj= (1- $] : [(a)°] _— £ Nn N N n° —_ So Ni 41€ (ner) = (N-n) i e (N-5) =» So with Prese Ofproximetions: u n - Nn Puma L (N-%) (14) = ni N° N » lu n on - dh (E) (* -£||8| ni N N N 1 fe 24 fo N99 N oo _n - N 2 - Ss: Cl) N (4-2) è De" v! N n co A nevi as n € With ter tra assumplion we dere a vmy preus Steri SHe fo» tw proability fo fiud N detection iu T: —» n En): D e =D Reiss cUstribuben ni Th oMefag "s dovievs@y | En) VD cud Pre vansna /s presto equa) do Pa Cverag * Vor (n) = 5 bot ND: T So: when = ETASEN n= BIAT + Tue distabulien is Some tning Gil! n 0a a Preckone] ) Trsttog Dis cbvicot, disuerte A Pel: Pre Oto Nat G dregioa is NET 2eve, SP Selo is dome vey vadb n » Var(hi Phobons letomes ‘negligible n #16 Vi: 4e'oce Vay= 46 \Vay > Ao'cce el > G= d0e Nok: Tre distobubon stoas Bram zevo ! 24 nere is a PL not clbect Das +ning =D AI L Pnis i5 tive be@ug tie sutousity cf fu sovrie is consone | If te safeusity 3 a vi _ STAT n P, (n}. (ZAr)" I" è = pl ] E Vi, so te iso, of delia + Bot what if th uubeusity is variable ? Tia distri butim Chenges im Hora ud if it 085 has seme vonionte , ell ba ©Mphd VARIABLE INTEWSITY toc eu)= | (2) RodI (ser os otbspinzo d "i s TT vd ) graditi Protabi "y cbsta: bu Hon evuss de £ Pre cute sites tiomt auterat T too 40 Tu Ps or: Me Z n. Pn): Din ne nso +00 | e) P(T)JT = o Z cd { ove on dins voriallis —o T Cheng ti ovdey : +e = | e) (2° » E) dr nso n__—__— toa - [ Pr)eTdI Aver ele of n wiki o eau 4ulusit E (constour) = Dr = ErCAAF: CI : c[r0mot - cF ° n — Avoreg. valva sy Se with variable ai be sy 1 ta averag ppaen uvnm hey olttettà is: vi = cT . EAT.T e The vaniaue Lo tui cisti button is: Ver) + E(M) - RÙ. ec) - E) L EM) Var) + vil — To x cf constour inteusityà T, we ha n= CI Voy (n): CT 2 *. I SI _r oa * E°)" Vay (n)+ Vo» cL+CT => Tu 0% of VARIABLE INTENSIY , The @ is moli gUfGiult fo EMI) » z vi Pin). z v Do Pm) P(I) AL è (fa z) - [ e0) ( 24° Ps (0) )ot Aieg oh n° with Dr Pix — ? = cLacI lo +0 LS So: E(0°) = [ 03) (ct +eÎ) dI = + ta x 2 - < [asolo + è | I° CI)IL = cT+c'elt) lo ci + CET)- CÈ - D Vay(m)= EM - 9° = = cI + e(e(r°)-D°) u_u Vay (LT) = Lac var (T) { velaHBon behra, var(n) aud Pr eroparies A Ma Sona.) Picpitolando vibo variable sùttusity: =D [Van > & sl ways! | n: TI + EATT Vor(n) = +e Vor(F) Te egual is tre ul, if Var(T) 1Hhek mtans Esc othewwig ie uOATANtA is oMbuevs gruber CLASSIFICATION ef PHEWON STATISTICS Vor(n]= > feisonion | controllò cid tstour Ly) ‘ Vor(n) Y Vi? Siper — Poissonin (‘Aandom® Right) + Vav(n) 
