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LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES Most pieces of formal writing are organised in a similar way: introduction; development of main ideas or arguments; conclusion. Linking words and phrases join clauses, sentences and paragraphs together. A piece of writing or text may include the following: idea and one idea is linked to another idea or an alternative is presented idea but an objection is made idea Connectives The main linking words and phrases are grouped below according to the similarity of their meaning to the three basic connectives and, or, but. Some can be used to link paragraphs and others can only be used to link ideas within a paragraph. | enumeration (points in order) a listing 2 addition i reinforcement ii comparison b transition (leads to a new stage) c summary (gives a summary or conclusion) | and d reference (refers to what was said before) e example f result (the consequence of what was said before) g place (refers to things in or outside the document) h time (refers to other studies) 2 0r { i reformulation (expresses something in another way) j replacement (expresses an alternative) 3 but k contrast (presents a different view) | concession (agrees that something is good, with limitations) I. and a) Listing I. Enmumeration indicates a cataloguing of what is being said. Most lists use clearly defined groups of words: first, > furthermore, finally, one a second a third ete. first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), > ete. to begin/start with, in the second place, moreover, to conclude, above all last but not least mark the end of an ascending order first and foremost mark the beginning of a descending first and most importantly order 4) DI Reference (refers back to previous sentences): and mainly as follows mostly chiefly namely for instance notably for example or in other words particularly in particular such as including that is Example: for example for instance such as to illustrate as an illustration to demonstrate Result (expresses the consequence or result from what is implicit in the preceding sentence or sentences): accordingly now as a result so as a consequence so that because of the consequence is consequently the result is for this/that reason then hence therefore in order that thus Place: above in front adjacent in the background at the side in the foreground behind there below to the left elsewhere to the right here h) Time: after a while now afterwards once at last presently at that time previously at the same time shortly before simultaneously currently since earlier soon eventually subsequently finally then formerly thereafter in the meantime until in the past until now initially whenever later while meanvwhile 2. or i) Reformulation (expresses something in another way): better in other words in that case rather that is that is to say to put it (more) simply ij) Replacement (expresses an alternative to what has preceded): again alternatively another possibility would be better/worse still on the other hand rather the alternative is 
