United Nations ; Wilde | Appunti di Inglese

History background

Gandhi told Indians they should not obey British laws that they thought were wrong. During these

non-violent, civil disobedience campaigns, large groups of Indians refused to work and stopped using

British goods. Gandhi also organised a protest against a British tax on salt. He led Indians on a

march to the sea to collect their own salt. He was imprisoned several times and he often went on

hunger strike. The British government eventually released him. Gandhi was assassinated in 1948.

The stock market crash of 1929 was the worst in US history. Many people lost all of their savings,

homes, and jobs and many businesses went bankrupt. In the 1920s, the US enjoyed an economic

boom - everyone thought they were going to be rich and that the economy would never stop growing.

This optimism caused speculation in the stock market, which grew by 600% between 1921 and 1929.

In 1929, the economy began to slow down. As share prices started to fall, more and more investors

sold their stocks. On October 29, the stock market collapsed. The stock market crash indicated the

beginning of the Great Depression.

Between 1930 and 1945 the II World War breaks out when Britain declares war on Germany after the

invasion of Poland. In the USA, President Franklin D. Roosevelt launches New Deal, a programme

to help the country recover from the Great Depression. South Africa becomes and independent

state. Japanese attack US fleet at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. The US joins World War II. The US drops

two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing Japan to surrender the war .

Charter of The United Nations

The Charter of the United Nations is the founding treaty of the organisation. It was signed by 51

original members (which have now grown to 193) and adopted by the San Francisco Conference on

June 26, 1945. The UN Charter is an international treaty, and therefore it is an instrument of

international law.

The UN Charter placed all people, without any distinction, at the centre of the new international order.

The charter consists of a preamble and 19 chapters, which deal with various aspects of international

politics. Article 1 states the four purposes of the UN:

● to maintain international peace and security

● to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect

● to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of different

character

● to be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations.

The organisation's headquarters are in New York, but the buildings are international territory. They

belong to every member country.The UN works together with a number of other organisations which

make up what is known as 'the UN System'. These include:

Funded through voluntary contributions

● UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)

● WFP (The World Food Programme)

● UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme

● UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)

Specialised agencies

● FAO (Food and Agricultural

Organization)

● WHO (World Health Organization)

● WTO (World Trade Organization)

● IMF (International Monetary Fund)

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History background Gandhi told Indians they should not obey British laws that they thought were wrong. During these non-violent, civil disobedience campaigns, large groups of Indians refused to work and stopped using British goods. Gandhi also organised a protest against a British tax on salt. He led Indians on a march to the sea to collect their own salt. He was imprisoned several times and he often went on hunger strike. The British government eventually released him. Gandhi was assassinated in 1948. The stock market crash of 1929 was the worst in US history. Many people lost all of their savings, homes, and jobs and many businesses went bankrupt. In the 1920s, the US enjoyed an economic boom - everyone thought they were going to be rich and that the economy would never stop growing. This optimism caused speculation in the stock market, which grew by 600% between 1921 and 1929. In 1929, the economy began to slow down. As share prices started to fall, more and more investors sold their stocks. On October 29, the stock market collapsed. The stock market crash indicated the beginning of the Great Depression. Between 1930 and 1945 the II World War breaks out when Britain declares war on Germany after the invasion of Poland. In the USA, President Franklin D. Roosevelt launches New Deal , a programme to help the country recover from the Great Depression. South Africa becomes and independent state. Japanese attack US fleet at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. The US joins World War II. The US drops two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing Japan to surrender the war. Charter of The United Nations The Charter of the United Nations is the founding treaty of the organisation. It was signed by 51 original members (which have now grown to 193 ) and adopted by the San Francisco Conference on June 26, 1945. The UN Charter is an international treaty, and therefore it is an instrument of international law. The UN Charter placed all people, without any distinction, at the centre of the new international order. The charter consists of a preamble and 19 chapters , which deal with various aspects of international politics. Article 1 states the four purposes of the UN: ● to maintain international peace and security ● to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect ● to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of different character ● to be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations. The organisation's headquarters are in New York , but the buildings are international territory. They belong to every member country.The UN works together with a number of other organisations which make up what is known as 'the UN System '. These include: Funded through voluntary contributions ● UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) ● WFP (The World Food Programme) ● UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme ● UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) Specialised agencies ● FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) ● WHO (World Health Organization) ● WTO (World Trade Organization) ● IMF (International Monetary Fund)

UN structure The Security Council is the supreme body of the UN and is made up of 15 members : France, the UK, Russia, China and the USA plus 10 other members elected every two years from the other UN states. The Security Council mediates in conflicts which threaten to turn into war and makes decisions on UN peacekeeping missions. Its decisions are legally binding for member states. The General Assembly is the main UN discussion group and deals with issues of war and peace and world economic problems. Every member state has one vote in the Assembly. Decisions that are voted in become resolutions. The Assembly's resolutions are not laws. Governments follow them because they represent world opinion on major international issues. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international and social cooperation and development. It has 54 members , who are each elected by the General Assembly for a three-year period. The Secretariat provides research, information and facilities needed by UN groups for their meetings. It is headed by the Secretary General, who is elected for a five-year renewable term by the General Assembly. The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the UN. It is in The Hague, in the Netherlands. In 2015, the United Nations adopted a set of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). The goals were part of a resolution passed by the UN General Assembly.In an increasingly globalised world, international organisations play a key role. Such has (WTO) Set up in 1995 and now including 164 members, the WTO is the only global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION Its agreements are negotiated and signed by the world's trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers do their business. The WTO has different functions. It is an organisation for trade opening. It also cooperates with other organisations and local governments. The World Bank 189 countries are members of the World Bank, founded with the intent of reducing poverty and supporting development. Through its different organs, the World Bank provides low-interest loans and grants to developing countries so that they can invest in different areas. Some projects are co- financed with governments and other institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) The primary aim of the International Monetary Fund is to help stabilise currency exchange rates in countries experiencing financial crises.It can also grant loans but it only provides short-term loans. Nearly all members of the United Nations are members of the IME, with a few exceptions.The IMF is independent of the World Ba8nk. Universal Declaration of Human Rights On December 10, 1948 , the UN General Assembly approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in Paris.The Commission that drafted the document was chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, President Franklin Roosevelt's widow, who referred to it as humanity's Magna Carta.The UDHR is made up of a Preamble and 30 articles. They define individual basic rights and fundamental freedoms that must be applied to all human beings. Article 1 states that "all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights". The other articles refer primarily to arguments

innocent people who have been arrested or imprisoned for their beliefs, the colour of their skin, their ethnic origin or their faith, and are often tortured or abused. Amnesty International does not accept funding from governments, and is supported by its members, other foundations or associations and by celebrity ambassadors. Gender equality ( GOAL 5 ) The gender pay gap Since the 20th century, attitudes towards working women and their employment prospects have changed, but the gender pay gap is still a serious problem. The gender pay gap in the EU is currently 14.1% - meaning that women on average earn 14.1% less per hour than men. Reasons for this are: ● Discrimination : sometimes women are paid less than men for doing the same job. ● Work-life balance : one common misconception is that women " choose " to take care of children instead of dedicating their time to work. This means that jobs below their skill levels or mostly part-time jobs are reserved for them, with fewer opportunities for progression. ● Sectoral segregation : women are overrepresented in low-paying sectors, such as care and education, whilst better-paid sectors , such as STEM-related fields, have a higher proportion of male workers. ● The glass ceiling : in a male-dominated hierarchy, the "glass ceiling" describes an invisible barrier faced by women and minorities when looking to be promoted to managerial positions in a company. Corruption ( GOAL 1;16 ) Corruption attempts to break laws and regulations in order to obtain privileges or guarantee the respect of certain interests. Widespread corruption is an obstacle to economic development. Corruption greatly disadvantages the poor, as it increases costs and reduces access to health, education and justice services. Corruption is also a problem for industrialised countries. Each year Transparency International , publishes a report in which 180 countries are classified according to the level of perceived corruption. Each country is given a score that is proportional to the level of trust its population shows towards the public sector and government: the closer the score to 100 , the greater the confidence of the people.Substantially reducing corruption is crucial to sustainable development, to end extreme poverty by 2030 (SDG 1), and to promote peaceful and inclusive societies (SDG 16). Oscar Wilde Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin in 1854. After attending Trinity College (Dublin), he was sent to Oxford, where he gained a first class degree in Classics. He became a disciple of Walter Pater, the theorist of Aestheticism in England, accepting the theory of 'Art for Art's Sake.In 1881 Wilde edited, at his own expense, Poems , and was engaged for a tour in the United States. The tour was a great success for Wilde, who became famous for his irony, his attitudes and his poses.In the late 1880s Wilde's literary talent was revealed by a series of short stories. The Picture of Dorian Gray was first published in 1890. The story is about a young and handsome man named Dorian Gray, who has his portrait painted by an artist named Basil Hallward. Dorian becomes obsessed with the portrait, which serves as a mirror of his soul, and he makes a wish that the portrait will age and bear the marks of his sins, rather than his own face.The novel explores the themes of beauty, youth, morality, and the consequences of indulging in hedonistic desires. Dorian's wish for the portrait to bear the burden of his sins comes true, and he becomes increasingly corrupted by his own vanity and desires, indulging in a life of pleasure and immorality. He becomes a murderer , manipulator , and a heartless person.As the portrait becomes more grotesque, Dorian becomes increasingly desperate to keep it hidden, and he eventually realizes that he is the one who is truly grotesque , not the portrait. The novel ends with Dorian destroying the portrait and dying

shortly after, his soul and the portrait becoming the same.The novel also explores the idea of art and its relationship to morality , as the portrait serves as a reflection of Dorian's moral decay. Themes :

The corrupting influence of vanity and hedonism.
The relationship between art and morality.
The destructive power of secrets and guilt.
The nature of beauty and youth.
The concept of duality and the self.
The idea of morality and social conventions. Aestheticism and Decadentism are two related but distinct literary and artistic movements that emerged in the late 19th century.Aestheticism, also known as the " Art for Art's Sake " movement, emphasizes the importance of beauty and form in art and literature. Aestheticists believe that art should be appreciated for its own sake and should not be used to convey political, social, or moral messages. Decadentism, on the other hand, is a literary and artistic movement that emerged as a reaction to the excesses of industrialization and modernization.Decadentists often portrayed the world as a place of moral and physical decay. Both aestheticism and decadentism have been associated with Oscar Wilde and his work.

United Nations ; Wilde, Appunti di Inglese

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