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Applied Behavioral Analysis Final Exam
A behavioral excess is: - Too much of a particular type of behavior A child does not pronounce words clearly and does not interact with other children. These are examples of: - Behavioral Deficits Which of the following is not a characteristic of behavior modification? It emphasizes the use of summary labels for classifying individuals Its treatment procedures and techniques are ways of rearranging an individual's environment It's techniques draw extensively from the principles of operant and Pavlovian conditioning It defines problems in terms of behavior - It emphasizes the use of summary labels for classifying individuals The people, objects, and events that make up a person's environment are called: - Stimuli Behavioral assessment seeks to: - Identify potential controlling variables of problem behaviors, and select behavioral treatment Behaviors to be improved in a behavior modification program are frequently called: - Target Behaviors Classical conditioning was developed by: - Ivan Pavlov Behavior is, essentially anything a person does or says (TF) - True Behavior analysis refers to the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animals (TF) - True The characteristics of impaired communication, impaired social behavior, and repetitive self- stimulatory behaviors during the first few years after birth are shown by individuals diagnosed as: - Autistic Behavior modifiers have begun to pay more attention to issues of race, gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation because: - These variables can influence the effectiveness of treatment
Behavior modification has been successfully applied within each of the following areas: Education, Social Work, Rehabilitation Medicine, Industry, and Sports. (TF) - True That behavior can be modified by its consequences is the basic tenet of: - Operant Conditioning If a stimulus that does not elicit a particular response is closely followed in time by a second stimulus that elicits a particular response, then the first stimulus will come to elicit the response that was elicited by the second stimulus. This is the definition of the principle of: - Respondent conditioning If a CS is presented without further pairings with the US, the CS will gradually lose its capacity to elicit the CR. This is the definiton of: - Respondent Extinction A stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning or conditioning is called a(n): - US Over several meals, classical music is played at the dinner table. Eventually, classicalumusic is played without pairing it to food, and the person who ate at the dinner table begins salivation. In this example, the sound of classical music became a: - CS Repeatedly pairing an undesirable reinforcer with an aversive event, such as pairing alcohol with a drug that elicits vomiting, is the basic procedure of: - Aversion Therapy In Pavlovian conditioning, the CS acquires greater ability to elicit a CR if: - The CS is always paired with the US A CS is no longer followed by the taste of food. After several trials, the CR of salivating no longer occurs at the sound of the bell. This is referred to as: - Respondent Extinction The loud barking of a dog causes a child to experience fear. If sight of the dog now elicits farm then the sight of the dog is called a _____, and the fear is called the ____: - CS, CR Suppose that an adult has a chronic problem with constipation. During treatment, each morning the adult inserts a suppository, reads the morning paper, and in a few minutes experiences a bowel movement. After of month of this procedure, the bowel movement occurs after reading the paper. In this example, the CS is: - Reading the paper For children who suffer from enuresis (chronic bedwetting), the pressure from a full bladder when the child is asleep is not sufficient to cause the child to awaken. An apparatus is wired to the child's bed such that when the child urinates during the night, a tone sounds to awaken the child. Eventually the
The principle of __________ states that there are certain stimuli whose removal immediately after the occurrence of a response will strengthen that response. - Negative Reinforcement Technically speaking, a stimulus is defined as a reinforcer only by its effects on behavior (TF) - True Consumable, activity, manipulative, possessional, and social are categories of reinforcers (TF) - True Giving a child her favorite candy following a desirable behavior is an example of motivating operation (TF) - False Animals can learn even though they are not able to verbalize an understanding or an awareness of their behavior. (TF) - True A stimulus which is not originally reinforcing but which acquires reinforcing power through association with a stimulus that is reinforcing is called: - A Conditioned Reinforcer Stimuli which are reinforcing without prior learning are called: - Primary Reinforcers For someone who has not eaten for several hours, food would be a ______ reinforcer , as it is naturally reinforcing in and of itself - Primary Which of the following is a stimulus that is a CR but is not a toked? The sight of a loved one Money Gold star on an improvement chart Coupons for food products - The sight of a loved one A stimulus which is not originally punishing but which acquires punishing power through association with a stimulus that is punishing is called a(n): - Conditioned punisher A reinforcer that is based on a number of different back-up reinforcers is called a(n): - Generalized reinforcer At the end of a poker game, poker chips that you have obtained can be exchanged for money. In this case, money can be best described as a(n): - Back-Up Reinforcer Conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers are called: -
Tokens Back-up reinforcers are stimuli that are naturally reinforcing in and of themselves such as food for someone who has not eaten for several hours. (TF) - False A primary reinforcer is a reinforcer that is based on a number of different back-up reinforcers. (TF) - False A conditioned reinforcer that is a generalized reinforcer is more effective than one that is not. (TF) - True A stimulus that is paired with punishment becomes a conditioned punisher. (TF) - True If, in a given situation an individual emits a previously reinforced response that is not followed by the usual reinforcing consequence, then that person: - Is less likely to do the same thing again in that situation When observing an undesirable behavior prior to introducing an extinction program, you would take into account: - Events that may be reinforcing the behavior An extinction program may fail because, - A desirable alternative behavior was not appropriately strengthened The reappearance of an extinguished behavior following a rest is called: - Spontaneous recovery It is important to consider the setting in which extinction will be carried out in order to: - Minimize the influence of alternative reinforcers on the undesirable behavior A behavior is likely to extinguish very slowly if: - That behavior was reinforced continuously prior to the extinction program If a parent ignores the behavior of a child, that is an example of extinction if: - The child listens to the parent Behavior that extinguishes slowly is said to be: - Resistant to extinction Which of the following is not a potential problem of an extinction program? The program may produce aggression by the person whose behavior is being extinguished Spontaneous recovery may occur Other reinforced behavior will also decrease in frequency
Across several practice, a swimmer is reinforced for starting more and more quickly to the sound of the starter's pistol. This is an example of_______ shaping. - Latency Shaping would not be the procedure of choice for: - Linking a series of responses together Another name for shaping is the method of spontaneous recovery. (TF) - False Gradually lengthening the time of studying before taking a break would be an example of frequency shaping. (TF) - False When reinforcement occurs after some but not all responses. a(n) ______ schedule of reinforcement is being used - Intermittent Each time you turn on the TV, a picture appears. This is an example of: - Continuous reinforcement During piece-rate pay in sewing factory, a worker is paid $10.00 for every ten pairs of pants. This is an example of what type of schedule? - A fixed-ratio schedule A pause after reinforcement followed by a high rate of responding until the next reinforcement is the characteristic effect of: - FR Schedule Reinforcement occurring after a variable number of responses, where the number varies around some mean value defines the _______ schedule - Variable-ratio The advantage of VR over FR in training programs is that: - The VR generates less pausing and can maintain a high rate with fewer reinforcementss Reinforcement contingent on the first response occurring after a fixed period of time is the definition of a(n)_______ schedule: - FI Reinforcement contingent on the first response occurring within a limited period of time following expiration of a fixed interval of time is the definition of: - FI/LH FI/LH is similar to a simple FI schedule, procedurally int hat in both FI and FI/LH: - Reinforcement is programmed to occur after the first response after a fixed period of time
When reinforcement that is contingent on the first response occurs within a limited period of time following another interval of time, which varies around some mean value, a(n)_________ schedule is in effect: - Variable interval with limited hold If parents reinforce their child's practicing of a musical instrument by allowing he child a certain amount of TV time following a fixed amount of practice, this is an approximation of a(n)______ schedule: - FD The behavior of hitchhiing is reinforced on: - A VI/LH __________ is defined as any physical event or object in one's immediate surroundings that impinge on one's sensory receptors and that can affect a behavior - Stimulus A(n) _____________ is that which is correlated with the availability of reinforcement for a particular response: - Discriminative stimulus When a particular behavior is likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus and not others, we say that______ exists. - Stimulus control Reinforcing a response int he presence of a particular stimulus and extinguishing that response int he presence of some other stimulus is known as: - Stimulus discrimination training If a child is reinforced for swearing in front of other kids, but not for swearing in the presence of his parents, we would say that the parents are ______ for swearing - an S^ A stimulus that is correlated with the availability of reinforcement for a response is known as: - an S^D When two people are eating dinner, the request by one person to pass the salt would be a(n) _________ for the other person to pass the salt - an S^D An out of order sign on a vending machine is a(n)_____ for the response of putting in money. - S^ What do the authors mean by "An error in discrimination training"? - Responding to the S^ In the case of a man who inadvertently enters the women's washroom, the printed sign on the door "Women" is a(n)______ for the response of entering, on the part of the man: - Ineffective S^
When a teacher demonstrates a correct behavior, the teacher is using a(n): - Modelling prompt While teaching a child to obtain the appropriate colored object when the teacher said either "blue" or "green" the teacher's pointing to the correct object on a trial would be an example of: - A gestural prompt When teaching the correct position of the knife, fork, and spoon at a place setting at a dinner table, the teacher initially draws the location of the utensils on a place mat, and then fades out the drawing over trials. The drawing on the place mat is a(n): - Extra-stimulus prompt A sequence of S^D's and Rs in which each R produces the S^D for the next R with the entire sequence followed by a reinforcer is referred to as: - A behavioral chain In a behavioral chain, a given stimulus is both: - An S^D and a conditioned reinforcer A chaining method in which the client is required to attempt each of the steps in the chain from the beginning to the end on each trial is referred to as: - Total task presentation chaining When the initial step of a sequence is taught first, the the first and second steps are taught and linked together, then the first three steps, and so on until the entire chain is acquired, this process describes: - Forward Chaining In _________, the end result of the procedure is some new stimulus control of a particular behavior: - Fading When the goal of a program is to develop some new behavior along some physical dimension such as force, form, or duration, one should use: - Shaping In backward chaining, the response that is closest to the main reinforcer: - is conditioned first You are likely to reinforce (by answering pleasantly and with interest) an acquaintance who telephones you if such calls occur at a reasonably low rate, but not if they occur at such a high rate that you feel hassled. Your friend is being reinforced on a(n): - DRL Schedule Reinforcement is given at the end of a session, provided that the number of responses during that session do not exceed some specified limit. This is the definition of: - Limited-Responding DRL It would be appropriate to use a DRL schedule of reinforcement when a behavior: - Occurs greater than the desired rate
On a(n) ________ schedule of reinforcement, a reinforcer is presented if a specified period of time passes and a particular behavior does not occur during that time - DRO A_______ is a schedule for decreasing a response by reinforcing an alternative response that is incompatible with the response to be eliminated - DRI When Suzie plays the slot machines in Las Vegas, her gambling behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule - Variable-ratio A procedure that involves extinction of a problem behavior, combined with reinforcing a behavior that is topographically dissimilar to, but not necessarily incompatible with the problem behavior is known as a: - DRA Schedule A student who studies frequently in order to do well on unannounced pop quizzes in one of her courses is showing the effects of: - A VR Schedule The "O" in DRO stands for other responding. (TF) - False DRA refers to a schedule in which a behavior that is different from, but not necessarily incompatible with, the problem behavior is reinforced and the problem behavior is extinguished. (TF) - True An event which, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior to decrease in frequency, is referred to as a(n): - Punisher Punishers that activate pain receptors or other receptors that typically evoke feelings of discomfort are included in the category of: - Physical Punishment Placing a child in a relatively barren room for a brief period of time is an example of: - Time-out Strong negative verbal stimuli make up the category of: - Reprimands A traffic ticket is an example of: - Response cost A stimulus that was not originally punishing, but that acquired punishing power through association with other punishers is the definition of: - A conditioned punisher
A child screams loudly in a restaurant, causing some embarrassment for the parent. The parent gives the child an extra dessert, and the child is quiet. The parent's behavior of giving the extra dessert has been influenced by: - Escape conditioning In a state where it is the law to wear seatbelts while driving, a person does not "buckle up" when starting for work in the morning. But when that person sees a police car just ahead, the person quickly buckles up. That person's buckling-up behavior has been influenced by: - Avoidance conditioning Escape conditioning and positive reinforcement are similar int hat: - Both lead to an increase in the likelihood of behavior In avoidance conditioning, the response prevents or postpones the aversive stimulus rather than removing it. (TF) - True In escape conditioning, the aversive stimulus is not present prior to the occurrence of the response, and the response prevents (or postpones) the aversive stimulus rather than removing it. (TF) - False When behavior becomes more probable in the presence of one stimulus or situation as a result of having been reinforced int he presence of another stimulus or situation, we say that ______ has occurred. - Stimulus Generalization When a behavior becomes more probable int he presence of a stimulus or situation as a result of a similar behavior having been strengthened in the presence of that stimulus or situation, ____ has occurred. - Response Generalization Which of the following is NOT a tactic for programming stimulus generalization? Making the training situation as similar as possible to the test situation, and if possible, training in the test situation Training sufficient stimulus exemplars Training sufficient response exemplars Programming common stimuli by developing the target behavior to stimuli that are present in both training and test situations - Training sufficient response exemplars Which of the following behaviors is NOT a tactic for programming behavior maintenance? Ensuring that the target behavior comes under the control of reinforcers in the natural environment Teaching people in the natural environment to maintain the target behavior of the subject
Deliberately reinforcing the target behavior in the test situation on an intermittent schedule of reinforcement Varying the acceptable behaviors during training to increase the probability of a variety of behaviors occurring in the test situation - Varying the acceptable behaviors during training to increase the probability of a variety of behaviors occurring in the test situation Developing a behavior that comes under the control of natural contingencies of reinforcement so that the behavior will persist after the training contingencies are withdrawn is called: - Behavioral Trapping Within a behavioral approach, a set of stimuli that have some physical characteristics in common is referred to as: - A common-element Stimulus class If a CS is presented without further pairings with a US, the CS will lose its ability to elicit the CR. This is known as: - Respondent Extinction Suppose that a child is typically noncompliant when asked to do a particular task. The teacher therefore asks the child to perform three tasks in succession that the child likes to do, and then asks the child to perform the task on which he is noncompliant. As a result of this procedure, the child performs all four tasks. This illustrates: - Behavioral momentum Stimulus generalization refers to the transfer of a particular behavior to different stimuli, whereas response generalization refers to transfer between responses in a particular setting. (TF) - True Making the training situation as different as possible from target situations is a tactic for programming stimulus generalization. (TF) - False On Monday, a parent says to a child, "If you clean your room each Saturday morning, I'll give you two dollars". The next Saturday, the child cleans his room. This illustrates an example of: - Rule-governed behavior If you tell someone to stop eating candies, and the person stops, then that would be an example of: - Rule-governed behavior A behavior that has been gradually strengthened by the direct-acting effects of reinforcement is said to be: - Contingency shaped Rule-governed control over behavior is especially effective when: A specific behavior will lead to immediate and severe punishment
Operant extinction Respondent extinction Fading Shaping - Operant extinction A behavioral technique in which a client rehearses particular behaviors in a practice setting to increase the likelihood that the client will follow those behaviors in the real world is called: - Role-Playing Presenting physical contact to guide someone through appropriate behavior is called: - Physical guidance Which of the following is not an example of antecedent control: Positive reinforcement Modeling Situational inducement Physical guidance - Positive reinforcement Which of the following is Not a proposed category of situational inducement? Moving the activity to a new location Counterconditioning Changing the time of the activity Relocating Poeple - Counterconditioning It is said that the famous writer Victor Hugo controlled his work habits in his study by having his servant take his clothes away and not bringing them back until the end of the day. This is an example of: - Situational inducement According to the proposed guidelines for the use of instruction, modeling, and physical guidance, what behavioral principal is used with all three procedures? - Positive Reinforcement If after having been reinforced for imitating a number of behaviors, an individual imitates a completely new behavior the first time that behavior is modeled, we say that ______ has occurred. - General Imitation Which of the following is NOT likely to influence the effectiveness of modeling as a behavior modification technique? Show the behavior and its effects Arrange for peers to be models Counterconditioning Use multiple models -
Counterconditioning In order to get up the energy to follow her usual exercise routine on a Saturday afternoon, the exercise buff places some dumbbells in the center of the den where she usually exercises and turns on the TV to the local fitness channel. Which category of situational inducement is the exerciser practicing? - Rearrange the existing surroundings Which of the following is NOT a strategy to be followed to influence the effectiveness of modelling? Arrange for peers to be models use multiple models Arrange for the modelled behavior to be seen to be ineffective Combine modelling with rules - Arrange for the modelled behavior to be seen to be ineffective A procedure in which a client practices particular behaviors in a practice setting to increase the likelihood that those behaviors will occur appropriately in the real world is called: - Behavioral rehearsal Stimulus discrimination and fading are two procedures used to get a desired behavior to occur in the presence of appropriate stimuli. (TF) - True To stop drinking, an alcoholic surrounds himself with members of AA and stops seeing his old drinking buddies. This is an example of symbolic modeling. (TF) - False Punishment is an important antecedent control procedure. (TF) - False Events that temporarily alter the effectiveness of consequences as reinforcers or punishers are called: - Motivating operations With unconditioned motivating operations: Both the value-altering and behavior altering effects are learned the value-altering effect is learned and the behavior altering effect is innate The value-altering effect is innate and the behavior altering effect is learned Both the value-altering and behavior altering effects are innate - The value-altering effect is innate and the behavior altering effect is learned With conditioned motivating operations:
Observations indicate that a person with severe developmental disabilities engages in excessive scratching due to reactions by well-meaning staff. By way of treatment, the staff provided attention to the individual every ten seconds and scratching decreases. The treatment program would be described as a(n) ______ for staff attention UMAO UMEO CMAO CMEO - CMAO Motivating operations are events that temporarily alter the effects of consequences as reinforcers or punishers. (TF) - True With unconditioned motivating operations, the value-altering effect is learned. (TF) - False The behavioral view of motivation conceptualizes motivation as some "thing" within us that causes our actions. (TF) - False When a behavior modifier relies on verbal description of the behavior of a client through interviews and/or formal questionnaires, we can say she or he is using a(n)____________ assessment procedure. - Indirect With the aid of a therapist, a client may be encouraged to describe a situation in which a problem behavior has occurred in the past and to reenact the occurrence of the problem behavior in that situation. This procedure is known as: - Role-playing Questionnaires, client self-monitoring, role-playing, information from consulting professionals, and interviews with the client and significant others are the main types of ________ assessment procedures.
- Indirect The behaviors to be improved in a behavior modification program are frequently called: - Target behaviors Which of the following is not one of the advantages of indirect assessment procedures? They require that observers be appropriately trained They don't require a substantial amount of time to complete They are convenient They provide information about covert behaviors -
They require the observers to be appropriately trained Which of the following is not one of the reasons for recording accurate data during the baseline and throughout the behavioral program? It helps to decide initially if the behavior modifier is the appropriate one to design a program It enables the behavior modifier to refer to the problem to the appropriate agency It helps the behavior modifier to identify the best treatment strategy It helps the behavior modifier to decide if the program is producing desired results - It enables the behavior modifier to refer the problem to the appropriate agency Which of the following is NOT a goal of behavioral assessment? To evaluate the effects to interventions To identify behavioral excess or deficits To identify causes of current problem behaviors To diagnosis or classify individuals - To diagnosis or classify individuals The amount of time that a particular behavior lasts or continues on a particular instance is called the: - Duration of response The time between the question "What time is it?" and the answer given by someone, "Two o' clock" is the: - Latency of a response Recording every instance of a particular behavior during a specified time segment is the definition of a(n) __________ recording system. - Continuous The counting of every instance that a person swears during a 1-hour interval is an example of a(n) ______ recording system. - Continuous When an observation period is divided into equal segments of relatively short duration and the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a specific behavior is recorded a maximum of once per segment, we say that a(n) __________ recording system is in effect. - Interval If a parent checks whether or not a child is watching TV by observing the child for a few seconds each hour on the hour throughout the day, the parent is using a(n) ____________ recording system. - Time-sampling The amount of agreement between independent observers on the occurrence of specific instances of a particular behavior is referred to as: - Interobserver Reliability
