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2026 Blood,
Respiratory, Digestive,
Urinary, and
Reproductive Systems,
Exams of Nursing
Guaranteed A+|
Outstanding Pass
H Label the parts of the upper respiratory system - ANSWERS -
label parts of the lower respiratory system - ANSWERS -
nasopharynx - ANSWERS -provides for passage of air from nasal
cavity. Tonsils in the region provide protection against pathogens
oropharynx - ANSWERS -provides for passage of air and
swallowed food. Tonsils provide protection against pathogens
laryngopharynx - ANSWERS -provides for the passage of air and
swallowed food
primary bronchi - ANSWERS -The first branches of the trachea.
There are two primary bronchi, one for each lung.
secondary bronchi - ANSWERS -The primary bronchi split into
these smaller tubes within the lungs, one for each lobe
tertiary bronchi - ANSWERS -branches of the secondary bronchi
that divide into bronchioles; also called segmental bronchi
bronchioles - ANSWERS -Airways in the lungs that lead from the
bronchi to the alveoli/ smallest branch of bronchi
pleura - ANSWERS -double-layered serous membrane
surrounding each lung
parietal pleura - ANSWERS -outer layer of pleura lying closer to
the ribs and chest wall, attached to thoracic walls and diaphragm
visceral pleura - ANSWERS -inner layer of pleura lying closer to
the lung tissue
pleural cavity - ANSWERS -intermembranous space with serous
fluid allowing the lungs to move easily against one another during breathing
Sinuses [Respiratory System] - ANSWERS -air-filled spaces in
the skull that open into the nasal cavity, help to regulate the temperature and humidity of the air your breathe in, as well as to lighten the bone structure of the head and to give tone to your voice.
Four parts of gas exchange/breathing - ANSWERS -Pulmonary
ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation - ANSWERS -movement of air into and
out of the lungs (breathing)
external respiration - ANSWERS -gas exchange between the
alveoli in the lungs and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries (oxygen moves from alveoli to the blood during inhale/ carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the alveoli in exhale)
respiratory gas transport - ANSWERS -gases are transported in
the blood (oxygen travels to the body cells from the lungs/ carbon dioxide travels to the lungs from the body cells)
internal respiration - ANSWERS -gas exchange between the
blood and body cells (oxygen moves from the blood to the body cells/ carbon dioxide moves from the body cells to the blood)
Volume vs. Capacity - ANSWERS -Volume: individual valve
Capacity: adding multiple volumes
Tidal Volume (TV) - ANSWERS -amount of air inhaled or exhaled
with each breath under resting conditions
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - ANSWERS -amount of air that
can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - ANSWERS -amount of air
that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration
Residual Volume (RV) - ANSWERS -amount of air remaining in
the lungs after a forced expiration
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) - ANSWERS -maximum amount of air
contained in the lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
Vital Capacity (VC) - ANSWERS -maximum amount of air that
can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) - ANSWERS -maximum amount of air
that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) - ANSWERS -volume of air
remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
sections of small intestine - ANSWERS -1. Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
sections of large intestine - ANSWERS -Cecum, appendix, colon,
rectum, and anal canal Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon
Flexures of the large intestine - ANSWERS -Hepatic flexure and
splenic flexure
hepatic flexure - ANSWERS -where ascending colon turns into
transverse colon
splenic flexure - ANSWERS -where transverse colon turns into
descending colon
Upper esophageal sphincter - ANSWERS -separates esophagus
and pharynx
lower (cardiac) esophageal sphincter - ANSWERS -separates
esophagus and stomach
pyloric sphincter - ANSWERS -separates the stomach and small
intestine
ileocecal sphincter - ANSWERS -separates small intestine from
large intestine
chief cells of stomach - ANSWERS -secrete pepsinogen and
chyme
parietal cells of stomach - ANSWERS -secrete HCl
villi of small intestine - ANSWERS -provide an enormous surface
area that facilitates absorption.
microvilli of small intestine - ANSWERS -Small projections of the
plasma membrane Found on absorptive cells
Acessory organs of the digestive system - ANSWERS -teeth,
tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, appendix
distal convoluted tubule - ANSWERS -ions removed from filtrate
as needed in body and urine becomes less concentrated
blood supply to kidneys - ANSWERS -The renal arteries carry a
large volume of blood from the heart to the kidneys. The kidneys filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. You have two renal arteries. The right renal artery supplies blood to the right kidney, while the left artery sends blood to the left kidney
properties of urine and abnormalities - ANSWERS -Color:
Normal: clear Abnormal: cloudy: could mean urinary tract infection Pale to deep yellow from urochrome Abnormal: pink, brown, smoky Could be from food ingestion, bile pigments, blood, drugs Odor: Slightly aromatic when fresh Develops ammonia odor upon standing Abnormal: can be altered by some drugs and vegetables pH: slightly acidic: 6 (range from 4.5 to 8) Acidic diet (protein, whole wheat) can decrease pH Alkaline diet (vegetarian), vomiting, or UTI can increase pH Specific gravity: 1.001 to 1.
male reproductive system - ANSWERS -serves to produce sperm
and introduce them into the female body
female reproductive system - ANSWERS -produces eggs for
reproduction and provides place for growing baby.
differences between male and female - ANSWERS -Male: XY
chromosome, testes, penis, scrotum, prostate gland seminal vesicles, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, Cowper's Gland, hormones=androgens Female: XX chromosomes, ovaries, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal opening, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, hormones=estrogens
layers of uterus - ANSWERS -perimetrium, myometrium,
endometrium
ovarian cycle and hormones - ANSWERS -Follicular phase
- Estrogen highest (peak before ovulation) Highest FSH/LH in border between follicular and luteal
- LH spike stimulates ovulation Luteal phase
- Progesterone highest
- Inhibin also increases
- Increased inhibin inhibits production of GnRH > Less LH/FSH made Presence of estrogen/progesterone inhibit/don't allow for LH/FSH spike = no ovulation
