Blood and blood pressure, Lecture notes of Anatomy

How blood oxygen level is impacted by pressure and the processes that maintain it

Typology: Lecture notes

2025/2026

Uploaded on 06/28/2026

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Monday, February 23, 2026
Blood
Arterial blood vs artery blood colour?
What is the buffy coat? Immune cells
Pay attention to Albumin (what’s its function and job?), and Fibrinogen (slide
6)
Why only leukocytes are complete? Because they are true cells because they
have a nucleus
Leucocytes
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (for who is the most important
Neutrophil = bacteria, lymphocyte = virus , monocyte = macrophage ,
basophil=
Erythrocyte Structure
Rbc is a sack of hemoglobin ,no organelles , nothing else
Anaerobic pathway bc its meant to carry oxygen not use it
What is the function of spectrin?
Remember that RBC is 45% hematocrit
Erythrocyte Function
What is the benefit of having Hb packed in RBC vs free in plasma?
-viscosity
- colloidal osmotic pressure
-CO2
-Loss
What is hematopoiesis? Where does it occur in adults?
Erythropoiesis
Proerythroblast can only become rbc (erythrocyte)
The covering is the hemoglobin, the nucleus is inside, eventually the
nucleus leaves, and is just that covering called reticulocyte
In blood cells we also count reticulocyte bc it determines the ability of
your body to make rbc
RBC life span, 1% of the blood cells is reticulocytes
Myeloid lineage
Lymphoid lineage
Hormonal control of erythropoiesis
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Blood Arterial blood vs artery blood colour? What is the buffy coat? Immune cells Pay attention to Albumin (what’s its function and job?), and Fibrinogen (slide

Why only leukocytes are complete? Because they are true cells because they have a nucleus Leucocytes  Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (for who is the most important  Neutrophil = bacteria, lymphocyte = virus , monocyte = macrophage , basophil= Erythrocyte Structure  Rbc is a sack of hemoglobin ,no organelles , nothing else  Anaerobic pathway bc its meant to carry oxygen not use it  What is the function of spectrin?  Remember that RBC is 45% hematocrit Erythrocyte Function What is the benefit of having Hb packed in RBC vs free in plasma? -viscosity

  • colloidal osmotic pressure -CO -Loss What is hematopoiesis? Where does it occur in adults? Erythropoiesis  Proerythroblast can only become rbc (erythrocyte)  The covering is the hemoglobin, the nucleus is inside, eventually the nucleus leaves, and is just that covering called reticulocyte  In blood cells we also count reticulocyte bc it determines the ability of your body to make rbc  RBC life span, 1% of the blood cells is reticulocytes  Myeloid lineage  Lymphoid lineage Hormonal control of erythropoiesis

 What is the effect of testosterone on RBC counts?  2 million RBC / second  What is the sensing level the number of RBc or the level of O2? It’s the oxygen level  Oxygen sensitive enzymes?  HIF (hypoxia inducible factor?  EPO secretion? Anemia  Is not a disease, it’s a symptom  Treat it va blood transfusion and?  Sickle cell electrophoresis = morphology test of the sha[pe of RBC Polycythemia (POLY – CYT- EMIA)

  • too much rbc
  • what is the danger of polycythemia? Platelets
  • are not cells, their cell fragments (so they don’t have nucleus)
  • thrombopoiesis regulated by thrombopoietin from myeloid line (thrombo means clot)
  • cell doesn’t divide, but nucleus is replicatin, so the cytoplasm fragments break into the blood stream Hemostasis 2 layers: endothelial lays, smooth muscle Steps:
  • vascular spasms = blood vessels constrict = to bring injury together giving it time t to bring other chemicals
  • platelet plug F = sufficient for small vessel tears, larger breaks need an additional step
  • Coagulation Blood Clotting factor I, IV, VVI, X, XIII -liver function very important for hemostasis Intrinsic PW and Exrinsic PW
  • intrinsic bc everything is th blood, blood doing the job by itself; can be triggered by damage (or anything)
  • what does tPA stand for? What is procoagulate?
  • coagulate vs anticoagulate thinks physiciology.. now I have a clot? What do I do to get rid of it? What can I use thats already here to get rid of it?