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Gender in Value Chains
3. Value Chain Analysis
3.1 Data collection for value chain analysis at macro-,
meso-and micro level
Tool 3.1 Data collection for value chain analysis at macro-,
meso- and micro-level
By Terrillon based on SNV
Why use this tool? To raise awareness of the complexity of the system in which a value chain operates. The tools help to identify different stakeholders and how they mutually influence one and another in a positive or negative manner. The preliminary mapping should shed a light on the following aspects: For each level (macro, meso, micro), what are the institutions, organizations and individuals involved? What is their level of awareness on gender equality issues? Which ones are advocates of gender equality issues? What are the interactions between them and with other organizations working in the sector? What actors have the potential to work towards the achievement of gender equality goals/ impacts in the value chain? What financial and technical partners have a strong commitment for and dedicate resources to gender equality issues?
Who applies the tool and for whom? Practitioners based on desk study, field work and focus group discussions.
What do you gain from using it? Analyzing the chain with a gender perspective consists of facilitating the collection of sex- disaggregated quantitative and qualitative data at the macro-, meso- and micro-levels using both a gender and a VCD perspective. The purpose is to identify and facilitate discussions on gaps, discriminations and key gender issues, keeping in mind the multiple dimensions and levels on which gender inequalities and opportunities operate:
Figure 13: Dimensions/ Levels (Source: Terrillon, SNV, 2010) Dimensions Levels
economic psychological social political …
individual household community market institutional national international
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Gender in Value Chains
Going through such an analysis provides an overview according to the following grid:
Figure 14: Data collection template (Source: Terrillon, SNV, 2010)
Macro gender value chains analysis
This tool proposes points of attention, formulated as questions, which serve as a checklist to understand the specific context of the chosen value chain. According to the results of the analysis, key gender-based issues (constraints and opportunities) are identified and appropriate options for systemic action are selected.
Step 1 cultural setting
An analysis of the overall cultural setting, the values and norms and the institutional environment needs special attention before heading towards a gendered value chain analysis on macro-level. The following aspects should be looked at: What is the cultural, ethnic context in which we work? Which religion or ideology is dominating the society? What aƌe the Ŷoƌŵs aŶd ǀalues ƌegaƌdiŶg ǁoŵeŶ͛s ƌoles aŶd ƌespoŶsiďilities? o What aƌe the steƌeotLJpes, peƌĐeptioŶs aŶd ǀalues ƌegaƌdiŶg ǁoŵeŶ͛s eĐoŶoŵiĐ contributions? o How do they affect sexual division of labor? o What is soĐieties͛ ǁilliŶgŶess to aĐĐept Ŷeǁ geŶdeƌ ƌ oles/ ƌespoŶsiďilities?
Step 2 regulations and legislations
Norms and values regarding gender roles have influenced the regulations and legislations around key issues such as labor, access to resources (inheritance law, etc.), market demand (local, national, international). Some are in favor of greater gender equality and others are not: How is the overall legislative and regulatory environment relating to ǁoŵeŶ͛s status aŶd economic rights (labor law, inheritance and property, personal and family code)? o What is the influence of customary law and religion and substantive law? Which one is applied? In what cases? o What is the impact of these regulations/ legislatioŶs oŶ ǁoŵeŶ͛s fƌeedoŵ of ĐhoiĐe, access to resources and to benefits? o Aƌe pƌoǀisioŶs iŶ laǁs ƌelatiŶg to ǁoŵeŶ͛s ƌights kŶo ǁŶ aŶd eŶfoƌĐed? Concerning public institutions: o Are they gender-sensitive/ -aware? o Aƌe theLJ aǁaƌe of ǁoŵeŶ͛s speĐifiĐ Ŷeeds aŶd iŶteƌests? o Do they have gender mainstreaming capacities (gender-based analysis, implementation, and assessment) and resources (human, financial)? Has the government made commitments to address gender equality issues in this value chain/ sector? o Is there a policy document (e.g. national, regional or local policy/ plan for gender eƋualitLJͿ that edžpƌesslLJ states the goǀeƌŶŵeŶt͛s Đoŵ ŵitŵeŶt to geŶdeƌ eƋualitLJ?
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Gender in Value Chains
Gendered access to resources Looks at how resources are shared/ distributed according to laws/ regulations and norms and values
- What aƌe ŵeŶ͛s aŶd ǁoŵeŶ͛s eŶtitleŵeŶts? What aƌe the ĐhaƌaĐteƌistiĐs aŶd faĐtoƌs that ŵediate ŵeŶ͛s aŶd ǁoŵeŶ͛s aĐĐess to aŶd ĐoŶtƌol oǀeƌ diffeƌ eŶt tLJpes of ƌesouƌĐes ;Ŷatuƌal, pƌoduĐtiǀe aŶd services)?
- What is ǁoŵeŶ͛s aĐĐess to iŶfoƌŵatioŶ oŶ pƌoduĐti oŶ, oƌgaŶizatioŶs aŶd seƌǀiĐes aǀailaďle? Thƌough what means of communication? Are these adapted to the possibilities of women?
- What aƌe Đapaďilities of ǁoŵeŶ to use these ƌesouƌĐes?
- Who oǁŶs the land/trees/harvest, etc.?
- Is iŶfoƌŵatioŶ ŵoƌe diffiĐult to oďtaiŶ foƌ ǁoŵeŶ pƌoduĐeƌs iŶ ͞ feŵiŶiŶe͟ oƌ iŶ ŵidžed ǀalue ĐhaiŶs? What about access to information for women in other segments of the value chain (e.g. processers, or traders)
- If theƌe aƌe constraints; what are the main constraints faced by women in different segments of the ǀalue ĐhaiŶ? ;ǁoŵeŶ͛s loǁeƌ leǀel of eduĐatioŶ, ŵoƌ e ŵaƌgiŶalized aŶd lesseƌ aĐĐess to ͞ Ŷetǁoƌks͟, project, programs, less visible within segments of the value chain, less control over information? etc.)
- AŶLJ speĐifiĐ iŶfoƌŵatioŶ oŶ ŵaƌket segŵeŶts ƌeleǀaŶt foƌ geŶdeƌ issues? ;Eg. iŶĐƌease pƌoduĐt offeƌ to low income consumers in order to improve quality of life such as nutrition)
- Hoǁ ĐaŶ pooƌ gƌoups aŶd otheƌ stakeholders obtain information about services in the sector, or market information?
Gendered control over benefits Looks at ǁoŵeŶ͛s aŶd ŵeŶ͛s ƌoles iŶ the management of the ĐhaiŶ ;͞hoƌizoŶtal iŶtegƌatioŶ͟Ϳ aŶd the power dynamics
- Aƌe theƌe aŶLJ uŶeǀeŶ poǁeƌ ƌelationships? Any gender-related discriminations/ exclusions?
- Hoǁ is poǁeƌ distƌiďuted ǁithiŶ pƌoduĐtioŶ aŶd edžĐhaŶge ƌelatioŶships aĐƌoss the ǀalue ĐhaiŶ?
- Aƌe ďeŶefits distƌiďuted/ ĐoŶĐeŶtƌated iŶ oŶe segŵeŶt of the ĐhaiŶ?
- Who deĐides? Who ĐoŶtƌols benefits?
- What aƌe the diseŵpoǁeƌiŶg dLJŶaŵiĐs?
- What aƌe the eŶtitleŵeŶt Đapaďilities of ŵeŶ aŶd ǁoŵeŶ thƌoughout the ǀalue ĐhaiŶ? Is theƌe aŶLJ uneven distribution of these capabilities?
- What alteƌŶatiǀes ;ĐhoiĐesͿ do ǁoŵeŶ haǀe ƌegaƌdiŶg ĐhaiŶ aĐtiǀities aŶd ĐhaiŶ ŵaŶageŵeŶt?
- What is the aďilitLJ of pƌoduĐeƌs ;ŵale/ feŵaleͿ to iŶflueŶĐe the pƌiĐe? What aƌe the oppoƌtuŶities foƌ negotiation (voice, participation, inclusiveness) (indebtedness, sub-optimal contracting)? Who signs the contract for the sale of the product?
- Do ǁoŵeŶ iŶ diffeƌeŶt segŵeŶts of the ǀalue ĐhaiŶ eaƌŶ ŵoƌe iŶĐoŵe folloǁiŶg the iŶteƌǀeŶtioŶ ;if any)?
- Aƌe ǁoŵeŶ͛s ƌoles ĐhaŶgiŶg? Do theLJ take leadeƌsh ip positioŶs? Do they sign contracts?
- What is ǁoŵeŶ͛s oǁŶ peƌĐeptioŶ of ĐhaŶge? Did the LJ gaiŶ ŵoƌe self-confidence, credibility?
- CaŶ these ĐhaŶges ďe iŶteƌpƌeted as eŵpoǁeƌŵeŶt?
Gendered influence on enabling factors Wants to determine how women/ men leaders can influence policy-making and legislations to promote their economic rights and make the overall environment more conducive to gender equality
- What is ǁoŵeŶ͛s aďilitLJ to iŶflueŶĐe deĐisioŶs/ p oliĐies/ pƌogƌaŵs at all leǀels?
- Do theLJ haǀe aĐĐess to specific spaces of power (invited or claimed spaces), and places of power ;ŵuŶiĐipal ĐouŶĐil, paƌliaŵeŶt, etĐ.Ϳ? Do theLJ haǀe the oppoƌtuŶitLJ to speak? Aƌe ǁoŵeŶ͛s ǀoiĐes heaƌd? Aƌe theLJ listeŶed to? WhiĐh ǁoŵeŶ͛s ǀoiĐes?
- Aƌe ǁoŵeŶ iŶ speĐifiĐ segŵeŶts of this value chain/ sector/ activity organized?
- Do theLJ ďuild stƌategiĐ alliaŶĐes ǁith iŶstitutioŶs ǁoƌkiŶg oŶ geŶdeƌ issues suĐh as ǁoŵeŶ͛s ƌights organizations and platforms?
- Aƌe iŶstitutioŶs ǁoƌkiŶg oŶ ǁoŵeŶ͛s aŶd geŶdeƌ is sues iŶ this seĐtoƌ? Aƌe women producers or farmers associations involved in decision-making at national policy and planning levels?
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Gender in Value Chains
Meso analysis
Gender Grid Check List-Meso Analysis
Gender roles AŶalLJsis of ǁoŵeŶ͛s positioning within organizations (producers, users, processors) of VC (internal governance)
- What is ǁoŵeŶ͛s ƌole aŶd positioŶiŶg ǁithiŶ these oƌgaŶizatioŶs?
- Do theLJ faĐe speĐifiĐ ĐoŶstƌaiŶts ;ƌepƌeseŶtatioŶ iŶ deĐisioŶ-making instances, power to influence decisions, etc.)?
Gendered access to resources Wants to understand ǁoŵeŶ͛s speĐifiĐ Ŷeeds iŶ terms of access to resources
- Do ǁoŵeŶ haǀe aĐĐess to laŶd, ǁateƌ aŶd teĐhŶologLJ?
- Do ǁoŵeŶ haǀe aĐĐess to iŶfoƌŵatioŶ aŶd eduĐatioŶ?
- Do ǁoŵeŶ haǀe aĐĐess to aŶd ƌespoŶsiǀeŶess of ǀalue ĐhaiŶ deǀelopŵeŶt services:
- What is ǁoŵeŶ͛s aĐĐess to ďusiŶess deǀelopŵeŶt se ƌǀiĐes?
- Do feŵale pƌoduĐeƌ gƌoups haǀe the saŵe aĐĐess to BD“? If Ŷot, ǁhLJ?
- Aƌe teĐhŶologiĐal iŶŶoǀatioŶs aŶd iŶǀestŵeŶts speĐifiĐallLJ addƌessed at ŵeŶ, oƌ also at ǁoŵeŶ? Are they adapted to ǁoŵeŶ͛s Ŷeeds ;phLJsiĐal stƌeŶgth aŶd dailLJ sĐhedule sͿ?
- Aƌe ǁoŵeŶ speĐifiĐ BD“ Ŷeeded to suppoƌt feŵale pƌoduĐeƌs?
- Aƌe BD“ adapted to feŵale pƌoduĐeƌ͛s speĐifiĐ Ŷee ds ;dailLJ sĐhedules, loǁeƌ eduĐatioŶal leǀels, etc.)?
- Is ĐhildĐaƌe aǀailaďle?
- Do service providers know how to perform gender mainstreaming to better analyze/ understand and address these constraints? Are they attentive to delivering gender-sensitive services? Are they gender-sensitive in their approach?
- Do seƌǀiĐe pƌoǀideƌs applLJ institutional/ organizational gender mainstreaming?
- EŵploLJŵeŶt iŶ BD“: does it fosteƌ eŵploLJŵeŶt of ǁoŵeŶ? Aƌe eŵploLJŵeŶt oppoƌtuŶities equitable? How are the working conditions?
- AĐĐess to aŶd ƌespoŶsiǀeŶess of fiŶaŶĐial seƌǀiĐes:
- Do ǁoŵeŶ ǁho ĐoŶĐentrate in specific segments of value chains face particular constraints in accessing financial services? What are these constraints?
- What aƌe theiƌ speĐifiĐ Ŷeeds? ;iŶǀestŵeŶt aŶd Đash floǁ Ŷeeds/soĐial pƌessuƌe to faĐe sĐhool fees and food items)
- Aƌe fiŶaŶĐial seƌǀiĐes adapted to theiƌ Ŷeeds? What aƌe the ŵost suitaďle fiŶaŶĐial pƌoduĐts?
- Aƌe theƌe aŶLJ iŶstitutioŶs ;pƌiǀate oƌ puďliĐ seĐtoƌͿ ǁhiĐh speĐialize iŶ faĐilitatiŶg ǁoŵeŶ͛s aĐĐes s to financial services?
Gendered control over benefits Looks at power relations within groups/ associations, whether they are inclusive and how costs and benefits are shared
- Aƌe ǁoŵeŶ ŵeŵďeƌs of pƌoduĐeƌ gƌoups?
- Do theLJ take paƌt iŶ ŵeetiŶgs? Do theLJ haǀe the ƌight to ǀoiĐe theiƌ Ŷeeds aŶd ǀote?
- Do they have the right to access social and financial benefits offered by the organization?
- Do theLJ haǀe the oppoƌtuŶitLJ to ďe eleĐted to goǀeƌŶiŶg ďodies aŶd if so, aƌe theLJ eleĐted aŶd to what degree?
- Aƌe theƌe aŶLJ speĐial ŵeasuƌes iŶ the AƌtiĐles of Association such as quotas to guarantee their participation in decision-making?
Gendered influence on enabling factors Looks at the ͞ eŵpoǁeƌŵeŶt side of groups and associations in terms of access to arenas where deĐisioŶs aƌe ŵade͟
- What aƌe feŵale leadeƌs͛ ĐapaĐities to iŶflueŶĐe ĐolleĐtiǀe deĐisioŶ-making about sector services and value chain development?
- Hoǁ ĐaŶ those ǁho do Ŷot haǀe aĐĐess to ƌesouƌĐes aŶd seƌǀiĐes ďe iŶĐluded?
- IŶ ǁhat ͞ Đlaiŵed oƌ iŶǀited͟ spaĐes aŶd plaĐes?
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Gender in Value Chains
3.2 Gender-sensitive value chain mapping
Tool 3.2a Making a gender-sensitive value chain map
By Vanderschaeghe and Lindo
Why use this tool? Gender mapping focuses on making women visible in a value chain. Although women are participating in most of agricultural value chains, women tend to be invisible: IŶ the pƌoduĐtioŶ pƌoĐess, ŵeŶ aƌe assuŵed to ďe the pƌoduĐeƌs, ǁhiĐh hide ǁoŵeŶ͛s contributions as partner in the farm and family business. In the processing and marketing process, women owned businesses are often considered as domestic and small-scale, or as informal workshops with low technology input. This contributes to the perception that these businesses are little competitive and therefore irrelevant for development. As a consequence, these businesses are often ignored in chain mapping. Workers/ contracted laborers/ employees, particularly female workers, are little visible and seldom invited to participate in a value chain analysis or the formulation of an upgrading strategy.
What do you gain from using it? Get a global gender-sensitive picture of the value chain, the actors involved, their linkages and the percentages of man and women in each chain segment. Gain insight in the difference between man and women in terms of activities as well as access and control over resources. Identify opportunities for women to upgrade their position. Identify constraints and opportunities for women to participate in the value chain as well as an analysis of differences in power (positions) in the value chain governance.
Who applies this tool and for whom? This tool gives guidelines to practitioners how to do a gender mapping of the value chain. This map can be used in participative workshops with value chain actors (women as well as men).
How does it work?
Step 1 Formulate hypotheses
First make hypotheses on how women participate in the value chain and then adjust your ͚ŵappiŶg ƌoute͛. Although the geŶeƌal peƌĐeptioŶ ŵigh t ďe that ǁoŵeŶ do Ŷot paƌtiĐipate iŶ certain processes or value chains, the key to a good gender analysis is go to the field with an open mind.
Our gender hypotheses should be based on the following questions: Where are the women in this value chain? What do they do? What are the characteristics of a map that convinces stakeholders and decision makers of the importance and opportunities of women in VC upgrading?
These gender hypotheses will help us to design the mapping route, look for the right tools to reveal the gender bias and identify key stakeholders for interviews or workshop.
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Gender in Value Chains
Step 2 Actor mapping
Make a visual presentation of the value chain, visualizing main actors, man and women. Make sure you invite or interview women leaders and small-scale informal women businesses in order to make an unbiased picture of the value chain.
Think about: What are the main processes involved in the chain? What are the main actors in the chains? Try to differentiate actors according to different typologies, such as:
- OǁŶeƌship oƌ legal status ;iŶdiǀidual, household ďusiŶess, iŶfoƌŵal ďusiŶess, ƌegisteƌed enterprise, cooperative, government)
- “ize oƌ sĐale ;Ŷuŵďeƌ of people iŶǀolǀed, ŵiĐƌo-small-medium sized enterprise). How many actors in the value chain are men and how many women? (Use numbers, size, symbols and colors to differentiate men and women) (NB: segments can be mixed, composed of men and women). How many man and women are members of collective actors (producer organization, collective processing unit)? How many men and how many women are employed as workers at the different stages of the value chain? What are important actors outside the chain (e.g. business service providers, financial service providers, chain facilitators etc.)? What are important factors and actors influencing the value chain?
Example 1: Honey VC in Ethiopia
Figure 16: Honey value chain in Ethiopia (Source: Mayoux & Mackie, ILO, 2008)
Step 3 Make invisible women stakeholders visible
This step makes women who are not mapped in the first actor mapping visible. These women are for example the wives or daughters in the family/ farm business, and laborers; they are not considered owners of the business.
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Gender in Value Chains
Example 3: Dairy chain Villanueva, Nicaragua
Figure 18: Dairy chain Villanueva, Nicaragua (Source: Lindo, 2007)
Credits
Vanderschaeghe, M. and Patricia Lindo, 2008, based on own experience, tools from MASRENACE Program of GI) iŶ NiĐaƌagua, aŶd ͚ MakiŶg the stƌoŶgest liŶks͛, LiŶda MaLJoudž & GƌaŶia MaĐkie, pag Ϯϴ-30, 2008, ILO.
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Gender in Value Chains
Example 4: Gendered Market Mapping
The next page is a snapshot of the gendered market mapping approach of Oxfam. The approach gives guidance in drawing gendered maps of the disabling environment, the market chain and market services of agricultural products and markets. The presentation is available on the World Wide Web: http://growsellthrive.org/
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Gender in Value Chains
What benefits do women receive for their work with this product/ in this value chain? What benefits do men receive for their work with this product/ in this value chain?
NB: Focus the discussion on the product of the value chain at stake.
Step 2 Group work on distribution of benefits
After answering these first four questions, a next flipchart is given with the following question: How are the benefits divided amongst men and women? Do men and women receive benefits according to their contribution?
Step 3 Plenary session to discussion on the outcomes of the group work
Share the data in the plenary session and discuss differences and similarities in the perceptions men and women have about their respective contributions and benefits of participating in the chain, as well as how this affects value chain upgrading.
Questions for facilitation of plenary session: What do the ǁoŵeŶ thiŶk aďout the ŵeŶ͛s opiŶioŶs? What do the ŵeŶ thiŶk aďout the ǁoŵeŶ͛s opiŶioŶs? WhLJ do the ǁoŵeŶ saLJ that theiƌ ďeŶefits aƌeŶ͛t the saŵ e? WhLJ do the ŵeŶ saLJ that their ďeŶefits aƌe the saŵe, if foƌ iŶstaŶĐe theiƌ ǁiǀes aƌeŶ͛t Đoopeƌatiǀe ŵeŵďeƌs aŶd do Ŷot receive extension services?
Step 4 Plenary session on consequences of the situation
In plenary or in groups of men and women, participants respond to the final questions: Does the fact that women receive less benefit than men for their work, affect volume and quality of the goods in the value chain? How? What pƌoposals do LJou haǀe foƌ iŵpƌoǀiŶg ǁoŵeŶ͛s ďeŶe fits?
Recommendations for the process
Facilitation should be focused on promoting the dialogue between men and women. Make the opinions and proposals of both groups visible and especially give voice and value to the ǁoŵeŶ͛s ĐoŶtƌiďutioŶs. Ask the right questions to make people reflect on the status quo; on the invisible value of ǁoŵeŶ͛s ǁoƌk, oŶ the uŶeƋual distƌiďutioŶ of iŶĐoŵe aŶd ďeŶefits iŶ the household. Reveal the contribution of women to quality and value adding. o WoŵeŶ͛s ƌepƌoduĐtiǀe aŶd pƌoduĐtiǀe ƌoles aƌe ofteŶ o ǀeƌlooked, ďut aƌe keLJ faĐtors to product quality and value adding; water fetching, cleaning of living and production area, ŵaŶagiŶg people͛s aŶd ďusiŶess͛ hLJgieŶe; haƌǀestiŶg aŶd post-harvesting; home processing of products and quality control of goods. o Also the budget management skills of women are important to business upgrading. o Help people ƌefleĐt oŶ the ĐoŵpleŵeŶtaƌLJ Ŷatuƌe of ŵeŶ aŶd ǁoŵeŶ͛s ƌoles iŶ faŵilLJ business. Without women cooking, looking after kids and taking care of family property, ŵeŶ ǁouldŶ͛t haǀe the stƌeŶgth oƌ the tiŵe to dediĐat e to theiƌ pƌoduĐtiǀe ƌoles. Question the unequal benefits women and men receive for their contribution to the family economy. Normally, participants will mention family benefits as nutrition, education and health as ͚ ďeŶefits of ǁoŵeŶ͛. It is iŵpoƌtaŶt that th e faĐilitatoƌ puts the question precisely: What aƌe the ďeŶefits as a peƌsoŶ, ǁoŵaŶ oƌ ŵaŶ?͛, ͚ Ho ͚ ǁ do ŵaŶ oƌ ǁoŵaŶ deǀelop aŶd pƌogƌess as a ƌesult of theiƌ paƌtiĐipatioŶ iŶ the ǀalue ĐhaiŶ?͛ CoŶŶeĐt issues oŶ the ĐhaiŶ͛s upgƌadiŶg aŶd gƌoǁth ǁit h geŶdeƌ gaps aŶd geŶdeƌ constraints.
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Gender in Value Chains
Example: The dairy value chain in Siuna, Nicaragua
Figure 19: Workshop promoting gender equity in value chains in the RAAN, Nicaragua (Source: MASRENACE GTZ and PRODER Oxfam UK, 2009)
The dairy value chain in Siuna, in the Northwest of Nicaragua, has a strong masculine image and representation, due to the fact that men own the majority of land and cattle and are assumed to ďe the daiƌLJ pƌoduĐeƌs aŶd oǁŶeƌs of faŵilLJ pƌoduĐtioŶ. The daiƌLJ pƌoduĐeƌs͛ oƌgaŶizatioŶs haǀe a large percentage of male membership, and chain upgrading programs convene and develop services focused on this population. The upgrading strategy of the dairy chain in Siuna focuses on improving milk quality on farm level and invests in new technology on processing level to produce an innocuous cheese for export.
This tool was used in a workshop organized by the MASRENACE program of GTZ and the PRODER project of Oxfam GB; inviting members of the dairy cooperative COACAM and their wives. Asking about the contribution of men and women to quality and innocuous milk production, the tool revealed that women carry out key activities linked to hygiene of the milking process. Women haul water from the well to the house, wash containers, buckets and cloths to strain the milk, wash the udders of the cows before they are milked and remind their husbands to wash their hands. After milking, women strain the milk in order to remove impurities. Although men milk the cows, women ensure the quality and innocuousness of the product.
As a result of the workshop, women gained self-awareness regarding their contribution to milk quality and family economy, the inequality in benefits received and their right to receive more benefits. This self-awareness has given them greater negotiating capacity in their families in relation to income from the milk and other related benefits, such as being cooperative members and having access to its services.
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Gender in Value Chains
3.3 Gender-based constraints and opportunities
Tool 3.3a Activity mapping and the identification of gender-based
constraints (and design of possible actions to address these)
By Terrillon, McEwan and Mayanja from CIP
Why use this tool? When developing an intervention for value chain-upgrading, you are dealing with a variety of actors, e.g. farmers; organizations and enterprises. It is important to be aware that these actors are typically composed of men and women. Men and women play different roles and have different responsibilities in the activities involved in a production process. They face different constraints in accessing and controlling the resources needed to carry out their activities. These constraints have an impact on the value chain, because they can affect volumes and quality of the produce. By gaining insight in these different constraints, this tool helps to think of actions to address each of these constraints (disaggregated by gender) and to contribute to a successful value chain-upgrading intervention.
What do you gain from using it? Insight in the division of work (activities for men, women, youth) within different nodes of a value chain Insight in constraints faced by different gender groups in undertaking their activities in different nodes of the value chain Support to define actions to address these constraints
Who applies this tool and for whom? This tool can best be used by development practitioners It is best used with the target population, initially with separate focus groups of men and women, followed by validation with both groups
How does it work?
Step 0 Preparation
This tool can be used to analyze gender based constraints in a specific value chain, well- kŶoǁŶ ďLJ the paƌtiĐipaŶts. The tool elaďoƌates oŶ tool ϯ.Ϯa: ͚ MakiŶg a geŶdeƌ -sensitive value ĐhaiŶ ŵap͛, ǁhiĐh collects sex-disaggregated data along a specific value chain. Tool 3.2a provides an holistic perspective of the different nodes and linkages in the value chain. The tool needs at least 3 hours to fill in; longer if you work with your target populations in separate focus groups (men/women). For group work it can be useful to draw the tables on a flipchart. In order to save time, the facilitators can fill in sections pertaining to actors, chain nodes and activities prior to using the tool in focus groups.
Step 1 Identify the actors in the different nodes of the value chain
Use taďle ϭ: ͚ IdeŶtifiĐatioŶ of geŶdeƌ ďased ĐoŶstƌaiŶt s peƌ aĐtoƌ aŶd aĐtiǀitLJ iŶ the ǀalue ĐhaiŶ͛. Adapt the first column to your context by listing each actor (e.g. small-scale producer, processor, and vendor) of each node of your value chain.
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Gender in Value Chains
Step 2 Activity mapping and degree of responsibility of activities
List and analyze activities carried out by the different actors identified in step 1 and mark who is responsible and the degree of responsibility per gender (male and female; you could add categories, e.g. youth). Use X: a little active; XX: active and XXX: very active.
Step 3 Identify constraints per activity
Identify constraints faced per activity for male and female that limit access and control of resources to carry out the activity.
Figure 20: Identification of gender based constraints per actor and activity in the value chain (Source: Terrillon,
Actors by Value chain Nodes
Description of activities under each node of the Market Chain
Responsibilities/ roles and level of implication by gender
Which constraints are faced that limit access and control of resources for the activity carried out , by gender
M F Male Female Input Supply
Production
Processing
Step 4 Analyze the constraints
Fill iŶ taďle Ϯ: ͚ IdeŶtifiĐatioŶ of poteŶtial aĐtioŶs t o addƌess geŶdeƌ-ďased ĐoŶstƌaiŶts͛. Take over the identified constraints from table 1 and put them in column 1. Specify to which target group (male, female) the constraint applies. Analyze the consequences of the constraints on the efficiency of the value chain (column 2) and the causes of the constraints (column 3). Add as many rows as needed.
Step 5 Formulate actions to address the constraints
Identify potential actions pertaining to the factors causing the gender-based constraints; fill in the last column of table 2.
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Gender in Value Chains
At organizational/ group level/ access to services: How do women participate in different associations/groups? Do they face any constraints in participating? Why? What are the consequences of not participating? Which services do men and women get within the chain and how? Do women have access to training, meetings, markets, market information? If not, why?
At chain level/ overall environment: How much value added is produced in each part of the chain? Who creates it, men or women? Who earns more? Who decides on prices? What factors in the political, cultural or commercial environment contribute negatively to female participation? What opportunities do women have to upgrade their position in the chain?
Credits Jacqueline Terrillon(freelance consultant), Margaret McEwan (research leader of CIP) and Sarah Mayanja (regional research assistant of CIP) developed this tool during a workshop provided in the gender in value ĐhaiŶs ĐoaĐhiŶg͛s tƌaĐk of Agri-ProFocus in Uganda (2012). Anna Lentink from Triodos Facet further elaborated on the tool.
Example 1: Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP) value chain
The edžaŵples pƌoǀided ďeloǁ aƌe edžtƌaĐted fƌoŵ a ƌegioŶal ǁoƌkshop oŶ ͚ GeŶdeƌ iŶ Value Chains and Business Planning͛, oƌgaŶized ďLJ CIP ;The IŶteƌŶatioŶal Potato CeŶteƌͿ iŶ EŶteďďe, UgaŶda, Apƌil ϮϬϭϯ. The ǁoƌkshop ǁas oƌgaŶized ǁithiŶ the pƌojeĐt ͚ “ĐaliŶg up teĐhŶologies iŶ Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP) usiŶg the AgƌiĐultuƌal IŶŶoǀatioŶ “LJsteŵ ;AI“Ϳ͛. The examples of processors of fresh roots are from Northern Uganda and from Tanzania.
Figure 23: Gender-based constraints per actor and activity in the sweet potatoes value chain, Uganda (Source: Terrillon, 2013)
Description of Actors
Description of activities under each node of the Market Chain
Responsibilities/ roles and level of implication by gender
What constraints are faced that limit access and control of resources for the activity carried out by gender
Male Fe male Male^ Female Input Supply n.a. during workshop Production - Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP) Small scale producers
Site selection XX X Access to land
Land preparation X XX Planting XXX Access to manure Weeding XXX Harvesting XX Processing Processors and street vendors
Bake and sell OFSP donuts at the market
XXX 1. Face challenges in purchasing fresh roots because of high prices linked to
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Gender in Value Chains
inconsistent supply
- Accessing adequate and affordable equipment to prepare the donuts Baker (private business)
Mills chips into flour and uses it to bake bread
XXX X 1. Faces challenges in obtaining sufficient supply of fresh roots
Figure 24: Potential actions to address gender based constraints in the sweet potatoes value chain, Uganda (Source: Terrillon, 2013) Gender based constraint(s) Consequence^
Cause/Factor leading to Gender based constraint
Actions to address Gender based constraints
Input Supply
n.a during workshop
Production
Women fresh root producers face challenges in:
- Accessing land
- Accessing manure
Poor access to land and manure by female producers affects production and supply to other actors along the chain
Because of cultural norms, men are the main decisions- makers over the use of resources such as land Men prefer to use land for what they consider as commercial crops, such as coffee or pineapple. There is competition over use of manure for food/cash crops. Men usually decide on use of manure. When it is not available at household level, manure needs to be purchased and women do not necessarily have the financial resources to acquire it.
- Conduct sensitization /communication for behavioral change to bring men on board and recognize OFSP as commercial crop
- Link up women processors with financial institutions offering Gender responsive products and services
- Organize women in producer groups to facilitate collective access to land and resources
Processing
Women processors/street vendors face challenges in:
- Purchasing fresh roots because of high prices linked to inconsistent supply
- Accessing adequate and affordable equipment to prepare the donuts
- They cannot produce enough to meet demand aŶd aƌe liŵited to ͞ pettLJ tƌadiŶg͟
- Inadequate equipment to process fresh roots affects quality of flour/donuts
- Inconsistent supply linked to constraints at production level
Ϯ. WoŵeŶ pƌoĐessoƌs͛ liŵited capacity to access responsive financial service and products through financial institutions
- Link processors with (female) fresh root producer groups for consistent supply
- Link women processors with financial institutions offering gender responsive products and services
- Link women processors to a baker who could rent his equipment for a fee
