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ANSWERS
Midter(compatibili
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What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? Question 1 options: Potassium gates open and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative. Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative. Save Question 2 (5 points) What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? Question 2 options:
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
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Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Edema of the Golgi body occurs, preventing the transport of proteins out of the cell. Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton. Save Question 3 (5 points) In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because:
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
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Question 5 (5 points) Which solution is best to use when cleaning a wound that is healing by 101. During an Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, the degranulation of mast cells is a result of which receptor action? Question 5 options: Histamine bound to H Chemotactic factor binding to the receptor
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
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Epinephrine bound to mast cells Acetylcholine bound to mast cells Save Question 6 (5 points) What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions? Question 6 options: Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation, followed by a discharge of preformed mediators. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues. Cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 (Th1) cells directly attack and destroy cellular targets. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. Save Question 7 (5 points) Type III hypersensitivity reactions are a result of which of the following? Question 7 options: Antibodies coating mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation, followed by the discharge of preformed mediators
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
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Antibodies binding to the antigen on the cell surface Save Question 8 (5 points) Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody against the host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the cause of which disease? Question 8 options: Hemolytic anemia Pernicious anemia Systemic lupus erythematosus Myasthenia gravis Save Question 9 (5 points) Why does tissue damage occur in acute rejection after organ transplantation? Question 9 options: Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
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(Tc) cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue. Circulating immune complexes are deposited in the endothelial cells of transplanted tissue, where the complement cascade lyses tissue. Receptors on natural killer (NK) cells recognize antigens on the cell surface of the transplanted tissue, which releases lysosomal enzymes that destroy tissue. Antibodies coat the surface of the transplanted tissue to which mast cells bind and liberate preformed chemical mediators that destroy tissue. Save
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
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From the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sympathetic activity From the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the hypothalamus to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sympathetic activity Save Question 12 (5 points)
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
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Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? Question 12 options: Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery Hypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery Excessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the artery Evidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the artery Save Question 13 (5 points) What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern when a thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium? Question 13 options: Prolonged QT interval ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) ST depression myocardial
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
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Question 14 options: Myocardial infarction (MI) Pericardial effusion Restrictive pericarditis Acute pericarditis Save Question 15 (5 points) Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are a result of which respiratory mechanism? Question 15 options: Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata Increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), decreased acid- base balance (pH), and decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) Stimulation of stretch or J-receptors Fatigue of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm
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Save Question 16 (5 points) Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an allergic response? Question 16 options: IL-1, IL-2, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) L-8, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-α)
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
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hyperreactivity, and inflammation Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest X-ray imaging A pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein, producing viscous mucus that
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
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obstructs the airways, the pancreas, the sweat ducts, and the vas deferens A pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency Save Question 19 (5 points) What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis? Question 19 options: A deficit of IL-1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) A deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) A deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α A deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL-24, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) Save Question 20 (5 points) Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life- threatening complication? Question 20 options: Retropharyngeal abscess Laryngospasms
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
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Question 21 (5 points) Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? Question 21 options: Cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease Renal diseases, such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis Gastrointestinal diseases, such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease Muscular diseases, such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia Save Question 22 (5 points) What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? Question 22 options: Enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. Influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production.
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
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Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure. Save Question 23 (5 points) In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces? Question 23 options: Oncotic pressure
NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM 1 – QUESTION AND
