A logic fallacy and some Argumentative claim, Schemes and Mind Maps of Logic

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Logic and Critical

Thinking

Course code: PHIL

What is the course of Logic and Critical

Thinking?

• (^) Dear students, this course aimed at making

students to critically question the idea of

people, gather information , and e valuate the

argument of others and themselves.

Chapter One: Logic and Philosophy

• (^) Logic:
  • (^) As a field of study : branch of philosophy that

deals with the study of arguments

• (^) As an instrument : a means to construct rational

arguments and evaluate the argument of others.

• (^) Philosophy: is the study of general and

fundamental problems concerning matters

such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty,

law, justice, validity, mind, and language.

Objectives of the chapter:

Understand the meaning, nature and features

of philosophy;

Recognize the major fields of philosophy; and

Understand why it is so important to learn

logic and philosophy.

• (^) Etymologically: from two Greek words: ‘philo’

and ‘sophia’ which means Love and wisdom

respectively!

• (^) Hence, it means love of wisdom!
• (^) Philosophical questions:
  • (^) Does God exist?
  • (^) What is reality?
  • (^) What is knowledge?
  • (^) What does it mean to know?
• (^) N.B. Philosophy is wisdom but not all wisdom

are philosophy!

• (^) Philosophy deals with questioning the apparent ; to

go beyond the common understanding , and to

speculate about things that other people accept with

no doubt.

• (^) The philosophical enterprise : is “an active

imaginative process of formulating proper questions

and resolving them by rigorous, persistent analysis”.

(Vincent Barry).

• (^) Therefore, philosophy is a rational and critical

enterprise that tries to formulate and answer

fundamental questions through an intensive

application of reason.

• (^) Dear students, philosophy is an activity:
  • (^) Master it can’t make you a philosopher; rather

when you critically think and do it.

1.3. Fields of Philosophy

• (^) Metaphysics:
• (^) Epistemology:
• (^) Axiology:
• (^) Logic:

• (^) For a physics: floor is made of molecules;

that molecules consist of atoms, electrons,

protons, and neutrons;

• (^) For a chemist: f loor is a hotbed of

hydrocarbons associated in a particular way

and subject to certain kinds of environmental

influences, such as heat, cold, wetness,

dryness, and oxidation.

• (^) Metaphysics questions can be divided in to

four aspects:

• (^) Cosmological : study of theories about the

origin, nature, and development of the

universe as an orderly system.

• (^) E.g. how the world comes? By design or accident
• (^) Theological : religious theory that deals with

God.

• (^) E.g. If God is both all good and all powerful, why

does evil exist?

1.3.2. Epistemology: Study about knowledge

 What is true?” and “How do we know?”

 Skepticism and agnosticism???

 Sources of Knowledge:

 Empiricism: knowledge obtained through the

senses/experience.

 Rationalism: claims that humans are capable of arriving at

irrefutable knowledge independently of sensory experience.

Knowledge is based on reason.

 Intuition: immediate cognition; knowledge which is

immediately evident without experience.

 Revelation: religious knowledge as a source of knowledge.

 Authority :

1.3.3. Axiology

 From two Greek words: Axios (worth, value) and logy

(study)

 Axiology is the philosophical study of value, which

originally meant the worth of something.

 It includes the studies of moral values, aesthetic

values, as well as political and social values.

 Deals with: aesthetics, ethics, and social/political

philosophy.

1.4. Importance of philosophy

to examine one’s life in the world,

to actualize our selves.

Intellectual and Behavioral Independence

Reflective self-awareness… knowing your self.

Flexibility, Tolerance, and Open-Mindedness

Creative and Critical Thinking

To deal with uncertainty of living

Chapter 2:Basic concepts of Logic

Tips of the Chapter

2.1. Basic Concepts of Logic: Arguments,

Premises and Conclusions

2.2. Techniques of Recognizing Arguments

2.3. Types of Arguments: deduction and

induction

2.4. Evaluating arguments