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This is to certify that the work during the three months industrial training was carried out by Momoh Ogere Tofunmi at Olufunmi Hospital Asero estate Abeokuta, Ogun State, under the supervision of Mrs Olaitan, with the report presented to the department of Biological Science, Faculty of Computing and Applied Science, Thomas Adewumi University Oko, Kwara state, Nigeria, during the 2024 /202 5 Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). DR. AYENI _________________ SIWES CORDINATOR Signature & Date DR. S.O FAROHUNBI _________________ H.O.D Signature & Date
I'm grateful to Olufunmi Hospital for the invaluable industrial training experience in the laboratory.Special thanks to my H.O.D DR. Farohunbi, supervisor Mrs Olaitan, and my lecturers for their guidance and support. The challenging tasks deepened my industry knowledge. The whole members of staff in OLufunmi Hospital team's cooperation enriched my training. Thanks to colleagues for camaraderie and knowledge sharing. This experience equips me for a successful career in microbiolgy.
Title page -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i Certification ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii Dedication------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii Acknowledgement---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv Table of content ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ v CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Historical Background of SIWES --------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 1.2 Objectives of SIWES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.3 History and background Olufunmi Hospital ---------------------------------------------------2- 3 CHAPTER TWO 2.1 Introduction to the laboratory - -------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.2 Rules and regulations of the laboratory --------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.3Material and equipment used in the laboratory and their uses ------------------------------- 4- CHAPTER THREE
done at the end of second semester of year two usually from September to December while that of degree programme is 6 months done at the end of first semester of year three usually from May to October.
The specific objectives of SIWES are to: Provide placements in industries for students of higher institutions of learning approved by relevant regulatory authorities (NUC, NBTE, NCCE) to acquire work experience and skills relevant to their course of study Prepare students for real work situation they will meet after graduation. Expose students to work methods and techniques in the handling of equipment and machinery that may not be available in schools. Make transition from school to the labour market smooth and enhance students’ conduct for later job placement Provide students with the opportunity to apply their knowledge in real life work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice Strengthen employer involvement in the entire educational process and prepare students for employment in industry Promote the desired technological knowhow required for the advancement of the nation.
Olufunmi hospital 10 th^ April 2010, founded by Dr. And Dr. Mrs Olufunmi, Licensed hospital by the Nigeria Ministry of Health, with facility code 27/02/1/2/2/0011 and registered as Secondary Health Care
Centre.Olufunmi hospital is not just good a hospital with courteous staff, it is a place where your problems can be solved by seasoned professionals.
Red Top Tube (No Additive or Clot Activator): Used for serum tests, such as chemistry, serology, and blood bank. Purple/Lavender Top Tube (EDTA): Used for hematology tests like complete blood count (CBC), blood smears, and molecular diagnostic tests. Blue Top Tube (Sodium Citrate): Typically used for coagulation studies, such as prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Green Top Tube (Heparin): Commonly used for plasma determinations in chemistry. Yellow Top Tube (ACD or SST): Used for genetic studies, tissue typing, and certain specialized tests. SST (serum-separating tube) tubes contain a gel that separates serum from blood cells after centrifugation. Gray Top Tube (Sodium Fluoride/Potassium Oxalate): Primarily used for glucose testing and blood alcohol levels. Fig1.1-picture of sample bottles
- Syringes and Needles: For drawing blood or other fluids from patients,syringes and needles play crucial roles in collecting and processing blood samples, injecting reagents or medications, and handling fluids in various laboratory procedures. The usage of syringes and needles in the lab focuses on precision, safety, and sterility to ensure accurate results and prevent contamination or injury. Common Uses of Syringes and Needles in Medical Laboratories:
Blood Collection:Blood collected via syringe is transferred into blood collection tubes (such as EDTA, citrate, or serum-separating tubes) for subsequent analysis in hematology, chemistry, or microbiology. Venipuncture: Syringes and needles are often used to draw blood directly from a vein. In some cases, instead of vacuum tubes (used with a butterfly needle), a syringe may be preferred to control the flow and prevent the collapse of small or delicate veins. Sample Transfer:Syringes are used to transfer fluids (such as plasma, serum, or other biological fluids) between containers, such as from test tubes to vials, without contaminating the sample.Needles attached to syringes may be used to aspirate specific quantities of liquid from sealed containers, ensuring sterility and avoiding exposure to air. Centrifuge Tubes and Fluid Handling:After centrifugation, syringes are used to carefully withdraw layers of plasma, serum, or other components from blood samples for further testing.This precise handling helps prevent contamination of the sample with other layers (e.g., blood cells or clots) and ensures accurate lab results. Inoculation of Culture Media:In microbiology, needles attached to syringes are sometimes used to inoculate culture media with specific volumes of fluids containing microorganisms, particularly in anaerobic culture techniques where the media is sealed.This prevents contamination and ensures that the specimen reaches the correct medium for growing and identifying pathogens. Single-Use Policy: In medical laboratories, syringes and needles are typically single-use to prevent contamination between samples, reduce infection risk, and maintain sterility in the lab. Fig 1.2- needle and syringe
Cervical Swabs (for HPV/Pap Tests):Swabs can also be used to collect samples from the cervix for tests such as Pap smears (to detect abnormal cells) and HPV (human papillomavirus) testing.These swabs are often part of liquid-based cytology kits, which allow cells to be suspended in a liquid medium for examination. Types of Swabs Commonly Used in Medical Laboratories: Nasopharyngeal Swabs:Long, flexible swabs with soft tips used for collecting samples from the back of the nose or throat. These are widely used in testing for respiratory pathogens, including COVID-19 and influenza.These swabs are typically placed into viral transport media for molecular and culture testing. Throat Swabs:Shorter swabs with cotton or synthetic tips used to collect specimens from the throat, often for diagnosing bacterial infections such as strep throat. Buccal Swabs:Soft-tipped swabs used to collect cells from the inside of the cheek for DNA extraction. Often used in genetic or forensic testing. Sterile Cotton or Rayon Swabs:Used for general bacterial culture collection from wounds, skin lesions, and mucous membranes.Placed into transport media to preserve the sample for bacterial or fungal identification. Flocked Swabs:These swabs have a nylon or polyester tip with a flocked (brush-like) surface, designed to improve sample collection and release. Flocked swabs are commonly used in molecular testing, such as PCR, due to their high efficiency in collecting and releasing cells or viruses into the transport medium. Calcium Alginate Swabs:Often used in viral and bacterial culture collections, particularly in sensitive areas like the nasopharynx or wound sites. The swab’s material dissolves upon exposure to certain body fluids, reducing contamination risk. Storage Conditions: Samples collected on swabs must be stored and transported to the lab under specific conditions (e.g., refrigerated or at room temperature) to preserve the sample's integrity until testing.
Fig 1.3- Swab stick.
- Urine and Stool Containers: Sterile urine and stool containers are essential tools for collecting and storing patient samples for diagnostic testing. These containers are designed to ensure safe, clean, and sterile collection, transportation, and storage of samples while preserving the integrity of the specimen for accurate laboratory analysis. Urine Containers in Medical Laboratories Urine containers are used to collect and transport urine samples for various types of diagnostic tests, such as urinalysis, culture, and drug testing.
Stool Collection Cups/Containers:These are typically wide-mouthed, sterile plastic containers with screw-top lids.Containers often come with a small spoon or spatula attached to the lid to help patients collect the sample hygienically.Stool containers are used for tests like stool culture, parasite examination, and fecal occult blood testing. Stool Transport Media Containers:For certain tests, such as those detecting parasites or bacterial infections, stool samples are placed into containers with a specialized transport medium, such as Cary-Blair medium.These preservatives stabilize the specimen during transport to the laboratory, ensuring the integrity of the sample for testing. Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) Cards/Containers:This is used to detect hidden blood in the stool, which can be a sign of gastrointestinal bleeding or colorectal cancer.Patients place small stool samples on special cards or in small containers for testing in the laboratory.
Patient Instructions:Patients must be given clear instructions on how to collect and handle their samples to avoid contamination or improper collection.This includes using the provided collection tools (e.g., spoons for stool samples) and properly sealing the containers after collection. Sterility:Sterile containers are critical to preventing contamination of urine or stool samples that could interfere with diagnostic results.Laboratories ensure that all containers are pre- packaged in sterile packaging and stored under appropriate conditions. Transport and Storage:Urine and stool samples should be transported to the lab quickly to preserve the integrity of the specimen. Some samples require refrigeration, while others may need to be kept at room temperature. Laboratory staff must ensure proper storage of samples until testing is completed. Disposal:After testing, urine and stool samples must be disposed of according to biohazard waste disposal protocols to prevent contamination and spread of pathogens. Fig 1.4- urine and stool container.
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) and assess for conditions like anemia, leukemia, or infections.Special stains, such as Wright's stain or Giemsa stain, are applied to enhance the visibility of different blood cell components. Microbiology:Slides are used to examine bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms under the microscope, typically after staining with techniques such as Gram staining or acid-fast staining.Microbiology slides are used to diagnose infections and identify the causative organisms.
Plastic Cover Slips:These are used in environments where glass breakage may be a concern. However, they are less optically clear than glass and may not be suitable for high-resolution microscopy. Plastic cover slips are often used for temporary wet mounts, where long-term sample preservation is not required.
