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Physics: Key Concepts and Formulas, Cheat Sheet of Physics

Physics

A comprehensive overview of key concepts in physics, including circular motion, gravitation, simple harmonic motion, thermodynamics, electrostatics, capacitance, magnetism, electromagnetism, alternating currents, and quantum physics. It covers essential formulas, definitions, and relationships, such as centripetal force, newton's law of gravitation, boyle's law, coulomb's law, and the photoelectric effect. The document also includes diagrams and graphs to illustrate these concepts, making it a valuable resource for students studying introductory physics. It is designed to help students understand and apply fundamental principles in mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and modern physics, providing a solid foundation for further study in these areas. Useful for high school and early university students.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2024/2025

Available from 08/01/2025

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bg1
CIRCULAR MEASURE
Linear Displacement Displacement in astraight line
Linear velocity Rate of change of angulardisplacement
Angular Displacement Anglesubtended at the centrewhen an object movesfrom
position Ato positionBon acircular track
Angular velocity Rate of change of angulardisplacement WOt
For Acomplete revolution WIt TWe 298
vrWslinear velocity radius xangular velocity
CentripetalForce Forcerequiredfor an
XYZhave
the
same objectto move in acircle Isdirectedtowards
they one centreor the circle
Vx Ny Ve as Fe my2Fc MrWFe Mv w
If In verw considering
theradiusratio Centripetal acceleration Fma
Conical Pendulum ma mu rmas mrw mas mu w
aras rw aNW
Radian Anglesuspended at the centreof a
FFc sine circle by an arc equal to its radius
vertical Circular motion
TWCOSA gooo Tmax MY'tmg
008180
pFeng kg Tan Imax tm
900270
p
Imax Yu mg
Mmg Tano vg Tan Tma 0900
TmaxMftmgeos
90
0
270 I
pwTmax Niv
r
HorizontalCircular Motion go vito
FeTwoos
ImaxMf mglosco Tmax ME1mg
Cos
IIw Fc TImax my mg
1Mv2
r
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe

Partial preview of the text

Download Physics: Key Concepts and Formulas and more Cheat Sheet Physics in PDF only on Docsity!

CIRCULAR MEASURE

Linear Displacement Displacement in a

straight

line

Linear

velocity

Rate

of

change

of

angular

displacement

Angular

Displacement Angle

subtended

at

the

centre

when an

object

movesfrom

position

A to

position

B on a

circular

track

Angular velocity

Rate

of

change

of

angular

displacement W O t

For

A complete revolution W

It T We

298

v r W s

linear

velocity

radius x

angular

velocity

Centripetal

Force Force

required

for

an

XY Zhavethe

same

object

to

move in

a circle Is

directed

towards

t

hey

one centre

or

the circle

Vx Ny

Ve as Fe

my

2

Fc MrW Fe Mv

w

If

In verw considering

the

radius

ratio

Centripetal

acceleration

F

ma

Conical

Pendulum ma

mu

r mas mrw mas mu

w

a r as

rw

a NW

Radian

Angle

suspended

at

the

centreof a

F

Fc

sine

circle

by

an arc

equal

to its radius

vertical Circular motion

T W

COSA

gooo

Tmax MY't

mg

008180

p

Feng

kg

Tan

Imax

tm

900270

p

Imax Yu

mg

Mmg

Tano

vg

Tan

Tma

0900

TmaxMftmgeos 90

270

I

p

w Tmax

Niv

r

Horizontal

Circular

Motion

go

vito

Fe

T

woos

Imax

Mf

mglosco Tmax ME

1mg

Cos

I

Iw

Fc T

Imax

my

mg

Mv

r

GRAVITATION

Newton's

law

of

Gravitation

Force

of

attraction

btw two point

masses

is

directly

proportional to

the product of the

masses and inversely

Fa

GMima

proportional

to the square

of the

distance

btw

their

centres

R

Relationship bw

g

and

a

null Point

Earth

moon

W a

magcon

Earth

pint

moon

gig

object of

Mlg

Amfm

mass m

id

Atthenull point t

Fr

in

distance'm

g

GM

R

MELHEM

Gravitational

Field

Regionof

space

where

a

mass experiences a

force

Gravitational

FieldStrength

g

Force

of

attraction

experienced

by

a

unit man placed

withinthe field

Satelliteor

bitting

a planet Geostationary

Orbit equatorial orbit

above

equator

satellite

satellitemoves fromwestto

east

same

direction asEarth

period

is

24 hours same

period as

spinning

on

Earth

Fc

Fa

Gravitational potential

0

GM

m

ay

ma

GMT

at

infinity

is zero

away

from

infinity

it

becomes ve

M G Wi

913

work

is done

by

the

field to move unit

mass

towards

the

sourcemass

o

KE

mus

KE 0.5m Ft

DO

Of 08

DO

GE far

KE

MI

T

Im

so

am

r a n

Gravitational Potential

Energy

workdone in

moving

a

point

mass

from

infinity

to a point

within the

gravitational

field

eaknw

gg

moon

Escape

velocity

3h

Gainin

GPE

loss

in

KE

am

g

lg

matmvesi

at

surface

oedaugto

g

Gig

GREG

ME

ME

Gm

Re o 2

Vest

Vest

GERE

Ferpositionosboth

Omdgento

μ X

129ft

Vesc

Free

Oscillations

Oscillations

occurring

inthe

absence

of

a resistive

medium

If

Damped

Oscillations

Oscillations

occurring

inthe

presence of a

resistive

medium

Light

Damping

air

moderate

Damping

water

Heavy Damping Honey n

resonance

Every

mechanical

system

has its natural Kemeny

of

y.fi

yY1fgg

oosillation

fundamental

frequency If

frequency

of a

forced

oscillator

fundamental

frequency which

results

in a

maximum

transfer

of

energy

and

theamplitudeofthe

mechanical

system

reachesmax

value

2 MAI SICS

Boyle's Law Pa

v Charles

law Vat

Gay

Lussac's

law

Pat

Universal

Gas

Constant

IdealGas

Formula

PV n

RT

n

Moles of

gas

R Universal

Gas

Constant

pay

Pay

P

Pressure

V volume

ofGas

T

Temperature

Kelvin

Ideal

Gas Assumptions

a

molecules

move in

constantandrandom

motion

2 collisions between

molecules

and

container

walls

are completely

elastic

3

Pressure

is due to

collisions

between molecules

and

container

walls

4 IdealGas

molecules

are free of

any

intermolecular

forces

of

attraction

5

volume

of

molecules

is

negligible

in

comparasion

to

the

container

volume

Pressure

of

Ideal Gas

D 43

Pecs

Derevation

n

z

E

sp

D

9m

Rn

ex m

t

mi

nm

piece

m

mass

E 2AM v

IL

CX

E

CZ

E CR

Cy's

t ECE

e s

F

Cy

M Lex's

secy

E

Cz

C

velocity

ee

Formolecule m Time

ed

ex

2

Bp

m

Bex

t

2L

D

Cx'm L

p

m Rex

A D

I

Pee

DP

2am

Cx

Total

KineticEnergy

Average

kinetic

Energy

Pv

Nkt

IMU 12

M

ee

32

NRT

12M

ECD

32

NRT

12

Mees

32N

RT N

KMC

32

ART N

Yzma

P

13

Pee 32

MN

RT

MCC

3

2

PV

N Zz

KT

D 43 Mv cc

RNAT

42m PV NKT

3PV

Mee

NA Avogadro's

constant

Cprogimenanppeed

and

Temperature

32

PV 42M

C

32

KT

Yam

e

CZ

k

Boltzmann

Constant

43040

MnRT

cr.m.sn T

KE 32

PV

go

311

312N

RT

AVG

KE

32kt

Specific

Heat

Capacity

d

MCAT

Energy

required toraise

the

temperature

of

1kg

of

a

substance

by

10C I

k

Specific latentHeat

Q

ML

Energy

requiredfor

a

1kg

substance to

undergo

a

change

in

state

Elimination

oferror

Elimination

of

error

internal

Energy

of

Gases

latent

Heat

of

fusion latent

Heat

of

Vaporisation

Total Energy

K E t

P

E

Ideal

Gases

Total Energy

KE

0880

offo

t

f

t

O k ml

Pat kemil

Work

done

by

gas

Px

IN

p

ÉYÉiÉ

compression

1114

11h

WB

DW

Con

Setup A

SetupB

Pat Malek

First law

ofThermodynamics

Mi Ma

l

Pit Mil

Pat MIL

DO

DU

t

DW

By

L

O

mi me

thPEP

L

Du

Internal

Energy

Da Energy

supplied

to

gas

LECTROSTATICS

Columb's

law

Force

of

attraction

between two

pointcharges is

directly

F

got

Qpg

proportional to the

product

of

thecharges

and

inversely

proportional

to

permitivity of

the

square

of the

distancebetween

their

centres

free

space

Electric Field

Strength

Force

per

unit

positive

charge

E

j

x

q

Parallelcapacitors

I

MaxSafe Working Voltage

All

capacitors

have

same

voltage

capacitor is

rated

you

Miko

S

capacitance a

voltage

you

OC

too

Or

v

go

Electric

Potential

Energy

a

capacitance

C

MTLEOR

Discharging

of a

capacitor

T.me

Constant

IRC

R

Resistance

It

2

y

o

c

capacitance

GUT
CIV

tC2V2tC3V

Time

taken for a

CT

Clt

I

loe

the

v Voe

tre

0 0

e

the

capacitor

to

discharge

MAGNETISM

Magnetic

Field Regionof

space

where

a

moving charge

experiences a

force

Fm

Bgr

B Magnetic Flux

Density

q

charge

v velocity

Fleming'sCAR

TY Cross

Fieldmagneticand

ElectricFields are

perpendicular

Fm Fe

if

N

FB

Fm FE

Bar

M

at

Ism

BqV

Eq

if v

eEB

Fm e Fe

r mu

if

V

FB

Fm Fe

Bar

HALL

PROBE Fm Fe

v

Vit

Hall

Voltage

Bgr

Eq

N I

v

Blige

Y

v

BU E

nae

Blade

Vit B V Intel

start

End

d

d

Fm

BIL

Tesla

B

F

Tesla

is the

unitof

magnetic

flux

density

I

Tesla

of

magnetic

flux

density

occurs

when

a straight

wire

carrying

a

current 081A

perpendicular to the magnetic field

exerts

a

force

of

IN

per

metre unit

length

Torque

Fm W

Force

of

attraction between

2 wives

BIL W

BIA

Fm

7

L

I

q

Fm

B L

B 2 10

7

I Magnetic

fluxdensity

d at

a

point

perpendicular

Fm 2

7

Ii

IzL

from

the

wire d

LECTRO MAGNETIC

I IDUCTION

BA

for an n

number

of

turns NBA

Faraday's

Law

Rate

of

change of magnetic

flux

is the

induced EMF

voltage

in

the

circuit

E

DO

t

J E

Of

018

t

or E

doldt

Lena's

law

Lena's

law

canbe

used

to

determine

the

direction

of

inducedcurrent

in a

solenoid

Inducedcurrent

always

flows

in

the

direction

apposingthe

change

causing

it

Damping

Asthemagnet

enters

exits

the coil

mechanical

energy

is

used

up

in

overcoming

attractive

repulsive

forces

Overcoming

Damping

sima

Use

a

resistor

as it

leads

to

lesser current

tis

therefore

lesser

opposition

For

a wirecutting

a magnetic

field E BLU

Eddy

currents As thediscspins rate ofcutting

magnetic

fluxlines is notthesame

for everypart

of

thedisc

Thismeans

differences

in

EMF

induced

This causes

eddy

currents

These

eddy

currents dissipate

energy

therefore

they

cause

a loss in

amplitude

energy

Lena's t

Faraday'sLaw

B

a

o

n En negative

gradient

of

Ea

do

I

g

O

us

t

It N

LTERNATING

CURRENTS

diode

Normal AC

Current wave

HS

v

Dual

Nature

Of EMR

EMR can undergo

diffraction

proving

it exists as

waves

Photoelectriceffect need

a

threshold

frequency

to

happen

proves

it

exists

as

particles

as in case of

waves photoelectriceffect

would

have

occurred

at

any

frequency

y

npt

photoelectric

current

Intensity

Power

area

Enga

l

np

hf 89

Iconstant

np

M

photoelectric

current

u

Electrons

have a dual nature

like

EMR

De

Broglie

s

Equation

wavelength

of

moving particles

n

hp

p

momentum v

I

h Mp

h

A

DE

M

f

n Mmr

Photon Pressure v

mhm

mtg

e em

a

h

n

600 nm

V

Bgr

P

2mW

y

gyp

V

42mV

MY BqV

Nq

KELE

mu

Bar

at

TY

I

axiom

D

Bgr

1

Energy

of

Photon

10

195

2 No

photons in

Asecond

1015

M Total

Momentum

12ns

Total

Momentum

np

momentum

of

photon

Power

Np

Energy

Force 6.63 10

N

time

F

DD

t

Momentum

of 1

photon

1.1111027ns

6 Pressure

6

Pa

Nse

De

Broglie's

equation

P

Force

Area

Spectral

lines

n

Ey

d How do

spectral

lines provide

proof

of

discrete

energy

levels

Absorpion

Ez

spectral

lines correspond to

discrete

wavelengths

Discrete wavelengths mean

photons have a

fixed

amount

of

energy

Emission

q

photons

are

emitted

due

to

energy

change

of

electrons

Fixed

energy

change

means

discrete

energy

levels

Identifying

gases

through spectral

lines

Gases have

electrons

in

energy

levels

certain wavelengths correspond to

certain

photons

which

electrons

gain

energy

to

go

from

a

lower

to

higher energy

level

Electrons

then

de

excite andemit

photons

in

all directions

These

wavelengths

are

displayed

on

the

spectrum

by

dark lines

NUCLEAR

PHYSICS

Binding Energy

Energy

required

to

split

all

nucleons

in

a nucleus to

Infinity

Binding

Fe 56

E

Dme

m mass

defect

Energy

Bindingenergy per

nucleon

Binding Energy

ev

Total nucleons

Them

Fusion

Fission

Fission Heavy

nuclei

split

into

lighter

nuclei

MEnber

Fusion

lighter

nuclei

fuse

to

form

heavy

nuclei

Energy

Released Absorbed

E

Binding Energy

Products

E

Binding Energy

Reactants

RADIOACTIVITY

Activity Bg

AN

A

Aoe

t

t's half

life

Time

taken

for

the

Decay

constant

n m moe

at

Probability

of

decay

of a m Noe

nt's

activity

of a

radioactive

sample

to

half

its initial value

nucleus

per

unit

time c

coe

nt

Ao

Aoe

ath

A

Activity

of

the

sample

YE

e

nt

m Mass of sample In la ntyz

N

Number

of

radioactive particles

Ln 2 nth

C

Count

rate th

Ln

2

PET

Scan

Positron

Emission

tomography

uses a

radioactive tracer thats

injected

in the

patient

What is a

tracer

Substance

injected into apatient

absorbed

by

tissues

How

doesthis help

Prevention

of

surgery

therefore

no

risk

of

infection

Tracer

Flourine

emits

a positron

Positron

is

antimatter

it

searches

for an

electron

and

both

annihilateone

another

Annihilation releases

gamma

photons of

equal

energy

in

opposite

directions

Donut

shaped

gamma

ray

detector

is

placed

around the

patient

Time

delay

between

the

gamma

ray

photons

travelling

to

the

detector

aids in

finding

exact

location

of annihilation

Ultrasound

Specific

Acoustic impedance

p

c

Density

of

medium

How

is it

produced speed

of

ultrasound

in

themedium

Ultrasound

detectors contain

Intensity

Reflection

Coefficient

yr

Li

22

piezoelectric crystals Lithe

Piezoelectric

crystals contain

Attentuation

of

ultrasound

I

to e

u

positive andnegative

silver A scan

ultrasound

coated

electrodes ultrasound transmitters

emit

ultrasound

on

the skin of

the

Current

applied

causes crystals

patient

to

change shape Asthe

ultrasound travels

boundaries

reflect a

fraction

AC

current

causes

crystals

of

the ultrasound while

the

rest penetrates

to

vibrate The

reflected

wave

is

detected

by

the

transmitter

They

vibrate

at resonating

where

the

detected current is

amplifiedandpulses

frequency

producing

ultrasounds

are

displayed

on a

CRO

Advantage

theecho

timecan be

used to

calculate

the

thickness

No

serious threat

as

they

of

the

boundary

do not

contain

ionizing

B Scan

Ultrasound

radiations A B

scan is a

combination

of

A scan

which

is

taken

from a

Disadvantage

varietyof

different

angles

The individual pulses

obtained

are

gathered

For

air

filled

cavities

e

g

lungs

analysed and

processed

by

a

computer which

superimposesthese

ultrasound

is

not

used because multiple

echoes

on top

of

each

other

thereby gathering

a

image

lacks

sufficient

details two

dimensional

image

STRONOMY

ND

COSMOLOGY

Luminosity L It is the

absolute measure

of

the

total

power

of

theelectromagnetic

radiation emitted

by

a star

Radiant Flux Intensity

F Luminosity

passing

normally through a

surface

per

unit area

F

L

light

Year

Distance travelled

by

light

in a

stud

I II

Fa

I

vaccum

in

a

time

of one

year

Standard

Candles

It is a

class

of

stellar object

which has a known luminosity

and

whose

distance

can be

determined

by

calculation

using

its

radiant

flux

intensity

and

luminosity

Wien's

displacement law

The

link

btw

observed

wavelength

of

light

and

temperature amax a T

amax

b

T

be

Wiens Displacement

Constant

2.898x 10

3

mkt

Yak

hated

Stefan Boltzmann law

The

luminosity of a star

does

not

depend

just

on

the

surface

temperature of the

star It

4 MT 8 T

re

also

depends on

the

physical

state

of

the

star

Stefan

boltzmann

law for

luminosity

WM

2k

4

Doppler RedShift

The increase

in

observed

wavelength

of

electromagnetic

waves

due tothe

recession

from the

source

Doppler Blue

Shift

The

decrease

in

observed

wavelength of

electromagnetic

waves

due to the

advancement

of the

source towards

the

observer

off

DI

We

we

relative

velocity ofstarfrom Earth a speed of

light

f

observed

frequency

from

star no Wavelength in Lab

Hubble's

law

Therecessional

velocity

of

a galaxy

from

Earth is

proportional

to

the

distance

of the

galaxy

from

Earth

Nra d

Ho

Hubble's

constant

worked

out ur

recessional

speed of

galaxy

ur

Mod

d

distance

of

galaxy

from

Earth

Through

hubble's

law it

correctly

proves

that the

universe

is constantly expanding

It

therefore

provides

evidence

of the

BigBang

Age

of

the

universe

1

Ho

ZEESHAN ALAM

KHAN

TEACHER

SIR

AFTAB SAAD