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Abnormal Psychology Midterm 1
Psychological disorder - pattern of abnormal behavior that is associated with states of emotional distress or with impaired behavior/ability to function Abnormal psychology - the branch of psychology that studies abnormal behavior and ways of helping people who are affected by psychological disorders The term mental illness is a __________ _________ perspective that? - Medical model; views abnormal behaviors as symptoms of an underlying illness or brain disorder Mental illness vs. abnormal behavior - Abnormal behavior incorporates psychological and sociocultural perspectives rather than only an underlying illness perspective True or false: unusual behavior is abnormal - False Behavior criterion: unusualness - Uncommon is not in itself abnormal; it depends on other factors Behavior criterion: faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality - Example: hallucinations, delusions Behavior criterion: significant personal distress - Example: anxiety, fear, depression Behavior criterion: maladaptive or self-defeating behavior - Leads to unhappiness rather than self-fulfillment True or false: about one in 10 American adults suffers from a diagnosable mental or psychological disorder in any given year - False: it's one in four According to a WHO survey of 17 countries, which country had the highest rate of diagnosable psychological disorders? - United States ___x as many young adults (18-25) are affected by psychological disorders than are people over 50 - 2 Mental health reflects the complex interaction of... - Brain functioning and environmental influences
True or false: effective treatments exist for most mental disorders - True ___% of American adults receive some form of help for mental health problems each year - 15 True or false: we lack the means of effectively treating most types of psychological disorders
- False True or false: psychological problems like depression may be experienced differently by people in different cultures - True Most people with severe psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, live in their communities, but only about ____ of them are currently in treatment - 1/ Kraepelin's 2 main groups of mental disorders or diseases include - Dementia praecox (now schizophrenia) (thought to be caused by biochemical imbalance) and manic-depressive insanity (now called bipolar disorder) (thought to be caused by abnormal body metabolism) General paresis - Disease caused by syphilis that invades the brain and causes disturbed behavior like personality and mood changes and deterioration of memory and judgement Syndrome - Clusters of symptoms that may be indicative of a particular disease or condition Development of the medical model led to controversy over the extent to which certain behavior patterns should be considered forms of ____________ _____________ - Mental illness Hysteria - A condition characterized by paralysis or numbness that cannot be explained by any underlying physical cause —> because this could be induced by hypnosis, Freud said that the origin is psychological not biological The psychodynamic model - The theoretical model of Freud and his followers, in which abnormal behavior is viewed as the product of clashing forces within the personality. Catharsis - Breuer's word to describe the therapeutic effect of discharging emotions or feelings Sociocultural factors focus on the relationships between mental health and - Gender, social class, ethnicity, life style
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders - adjustment disorder, acute stress disorder, PTSD Dissociative disorders - dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, depersonalization/derealization disorder Somatic symptom and related disorders - somatic symptom disorder, factitious disorder, illness anxiety disorder Feeding and eating disorders - anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder Elimination disorders - enuresis (bed wetting) and encopresis (soiling) Sleep-wake disorders - insomnia, hypersomnolence, narcolepsy, breathing-related, circadian rhythm, nightmare disorder Sexual dysfunctions - Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder, erectile disorder, female sexual interest/arousal disorder, female orgasmic disorder, delayed ejaculation, premature ejaculation Distruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders - Conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, intermittent explosive disorder Substance-related and addictive disorders - Delirium, mild neurocognitive disorder, major neurocognitive disorder Personality disorders - Paranoid, schizoid, histrionic, antisocial, borderline, dependent, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders Paraphilic disorders - Exhibitionist, fetishistic, transvestic, voyeuristic, pedophilic, sexual masochism, sexual sadism Culture-bound syndromes - patterns of abnormal behavior found predominantly in only one or a few cultures TKS (Taijin Kyofusho) - Popular in Japan but rare elsewhere - the excessive fear of embarrassing or offending other people Unites States' culture bound syndromes - Anorexia nervosa, dissociative identity disorder Amok -
Principally occur in southeastern Asian and Pacific Island cultures — dissociative episode with striking out at others, sometimes killing them. Ataque de nervious (attack of nerves) - Primarily among Latin American and Latin Mediterranean cultures — uncontrollable shouting, crying, trembling, aggressive behavior; typically after a stressful family event; person may have amnesia of the event Dhat syndrome - Primarily males in India — intense fear over loss of semen through nocturnal emissions Falling out or blacking out - Typically in southern US and Caribbean — sudden collapsing or fainting, inability to see, feels powerless to move, understands what's happening Ghost sickness - Among American Indians — preoccupation with the deceased and spirits Koro syndrome - Primarily in China — acute anxiety involving shrinking of genitalia, retracting into the body until death occurs Zar - Primarily in North Africa and Middle East — spirit possession used to describe dissociative episodes The system is considered valid if diagnostic judgements correspond with... - Observed behavior Reliability - In psychological assessment, the consistency of a measure or diagnostic instrument or system Validity - the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure Predictive validity - Ability to predict the course the disorder is likely to follow or it's response to treatment These DSM categories have higher reliability and validity - Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, alcohol and drug use disorders New Disorders in DSM-5 - Hoarding disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (temper tantrums in children), and mild and major neurocognitive disorders Main points of controversy of the DSM-5 -
- Expansion of diagnosable disorders
- Changes in classification of mental disorders
abnormality defined as inability to function as expected in one or more of these domains: daily functioning, work/school, create/maintain relationships limitations of dysfunction - considers disorder to be located in the individual rather than the context and what is elected there
- sometimes behaviors lead to dysfunction only because of context and expectations distress - abnormality defined by symptoms that are unpleasant and unwanted by the individual who experiences them (other approaches might consider if it's distressing to others) egosyntonic - behaviors, values, and feelings that are in harmony with or acceptable to the needs and goals of the ego, or consistent with one's ideal self-image egodystonic - Phenomena or experiences at odds with an individual's self-perception limitations of distress -
- some degree of distress may be normative or adaptive
- individuals may not experience distress, even when behaviors are deviant or dysfunction (if egosyntonic)
- behaviors may cause distress to others
- behaviors may be harmful, even though they don't cause distress dangerousness - abnormality defined as the presence of symptoms or behaviors that are dangerous to the person experiencing them, or to those around them
- example: antisocial personality disorder
- doesn't matter if it's not deviant, not dysfunction, and egosyntonic what is a diagnostic system - a classification based on rules used to organize and understand diseases and disorders descriptive classification system -
- a list of disorders, along with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making appropriate diagnoses
- NOT focusing on underlying causes
- diagnosing based on observable symptoms
- facilitates reliability and consistency
- facilitates research original purpose of a diagnostic system - public health concerns, collect statistical data to supply necessary resources what data was collected in 1840? -
- frequency of "idiocy/insanity"
- developed with eugenics and racism
- used to maintain and shape power structures
- used as justification for involuntary sterilization what was the classification system in 1880? -
- 7 categories of mental health
- mania, melancholia, monomania, paresis, dementia, dipsomania, epilepsy what was the classification system in 1917? -
- Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions of the Insane
- 22 categories of mental illness What was the classification system published in 1948? -
- 10 categories for "psychoses and psychoneuroses"
- 7 categories of "disorders of character, behavior, and intelligence" An assessment technique has internal consistency if - The different parts of the test yield consistent results Example: if different responses to items on a depression scale are not correlated, this might not have this An assessment method has test-retest reliability if - It yields similar results on separate occasions Example: we would not trust a scale that would yield a different weight for a banana if you were measuring the same banana every day As assessment method that shows interrater reliability must - Rely on judgements from observers or raters Example: raters must agree with their ratings; two teachers would need to rate the child's aggressiveness, hyperactivity, etc the same True or false: a psychological test can be highly reliable but also invalid - True Content validity - Degree to which its content represents the behaviors associated with the trait in question Criterion validity - Degree to which the assessment technique correlates with an independent, external criterion (standard) of what the technique is intended to assess Predictive validity - Form of criterion validity; good validity in this area if it can be used to predict future performance or behavior Sensitivity - Degree to which a test correctly identifies people who have the disorder the test is intended to detect
Objective tests - Self-report personality inventories that use items similar to the ones just listed to measure personality traits such as emotional instability, masculinity/femininity, and introversion; where you check adjectives that apply to you, answer true or false, or answer always sometimes never Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - a well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory - Developed to help clinicians formulate diagnoses, especially for personality disorders Projective test - a psychological test that presents ambiguous stimuli onto which the test-taker projects his or her own personality in making a response The Rorschach Inkblot Test - the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots Reality testing - the ability to perceive the world accurately and to distinguish reality from fantasy Thematic Apperception Test - a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes Neuropsychological assessments - The use of tests to help determine whether psychological problems reflect underlying neurological impairment or brain damage Bender-Gestalt II - Used as a measure of visual-motor integration and can be used as a screning tool for neuropsychological impairment. The test includes 16 stimulus cards consisting of geometric figures. Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery - Battery contains tests that measure perceptual, intellectual, and motor skills and performance Subtests of the Halstead-Reitan test - Category test (measures abstract thinking ability), rhythm test (concentration and attention), tactual performance test (visual memory) Behavioral assessment -
Focuses on the objective recording and description of problem behavior; treats test results as samples of behavior in specific situations rather than signs of underlying personality traits Functional analysis - An analysis of the problem behavior in relation to antecedents, or stimulus cues that trigger it, and consequences, or reinforcements that maintain it Behavioral interview - posing questions to learn more about the history and situational aspects of problem behavior Advantages and disadvantages to direct observation - Advantages: accurate measurements of problem behavior Disadvantages: defining problems in behavioral terms, lack of reliability, response bias, reactivity, observer drift, only measures overt behavior Self-monitoring - process of observing and recording one's own behavior, thoughts, and emotions Analogue measures - intended to simulate the setting in which the behavior naturally takes place but are carried out in laboratory or controlled settings Behavioral Approach Task - widely used analogue measure of a phobic person's approach to a feared object Behavioral rating scale - a checklist that provides information about the frequency, intensity, and range of problem behaviors; often used by parents to assess their child's behavior Cognitive assessment - measurement of thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes that may be associated with emotional problems Cognitive assessment treatment programs - Thought diary, automatic thoughts questionnaire, dysfunctional attitude scale Types of Physiological assessment - Heart rate, blood pressure, electrodermal response or galvanic skin response (sweat), EEG, EMG (muscle tension) Brain imaging methods - EEG, CT scan, PET scan (brain areas that are more active metabolize more glucose), MRI (brain emitting signals that can be measured from multiple angles), fMRI (demands oxygen then revealing activity) True or false: cocaine cravings in people addicted to cocaine have been linked to parts of the brain that are normally activated during pleasant emotions -
the DSM draws the line on a spectrum as to where you get a diagnosis, but the proposal suggests considering personality disorders on multi dimensions rather than just relying on a single spectrum DSM-5-TR -
- published in 2022
- revised content related to culture, racism, and discrimination
- included prolonged grief disorder, suicidal ideation and non-suicidal self injury DSM-5 definition of mental disorder - a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning
- usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities DSM-5 what is not mental illness? -
- culturally approved response to a stressor
- deviance between individual and society are not mental disorders unless the conflict results from dysfunction in the individual classification systems other than the DSM-5 -
- WHO international classification of diseases (ICD-11)
- Regional Classification Systems (Chinese, Latin American)
- Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
- Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
- Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) -
- 2010
- adopted by National Institute of Mental Health which was huge for research
- specifically biomedical model
- biosignatures, biomarks
- centered around clinical neuroscience Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) -
- 2017
- dimensional classification system
- reducing comorbidity (meeting criteria for multiple disorders) by creating a better diagnostic system that encompasses multiple diagnoses multiaxial diagnostic assessment system axes - 1: symptoms like anxiety, depression, psychosis 2: personality disorders, intellectual disorders (supposedly more long standing compared to 1) 3: medical context 4: psychosocial experiences (ex. divorce, loss in family) 5: GAF (global assessment of functioning) (scores 0-100 where 100 is annoyingly good and happy)
goals of psychological assessment -
- screening
- diagnosis
- treatment planning
- treatment evaluation iatrogenic effects - unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or intervention types of self-report measures -
- screening questionnaires
- symptom inventories: symptom severity change over time
- collateral information personality inventories and types -
- assess an individual's characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving
- projective tests: ambiguous stimuli --> see how that personality responds
- actuarial inventories: self-report questions, interpret responses based on previous empirical data types of cognitive assessments -
- intelligence tests
- achievement tests (depending on age and level of education; reading, arithmetic)
- tests of specific cognitive abilities like memory, visa-spatial abilities, continuous processing tasks (attention), executive function dynamic versus static brain imaging -
- static: CAT, MRI
- dynamic: PET, fMRI, SPECT The 4 overarching objectives of science - Description, explanation, prediction, control 4 major steps the scientific method -
- Formulate research question
- Form a hypothesis based on the research question
- Test the hypothesis
- Draw conclusions about the hypothesis 2 major principles of ethical guidelines -
- Informed consent
- Confidentiality Naturalistic observation method - Behavior is observed and measured in its natural habitat; unobtrusive Correlational method - Examines the relationships between factors or variables expressed in statistical terms; correlation coefficient is the statistical measure used to express the correlation between 2 variables (-1.00 to +1.00); helps with prediction, not cause-effect
in genetics research, the individual displaying the trait or characteristic being studied; the first diagnosed case Single-case experimental designs - Subjects serve as their own controls Example: reversal design (ABAB) Baseline phase (A): baseline rate for behavior before treatment Treatment phase (B): client undergoes treatment, behaviors are measured Second baseline phase (A): treatment withdrawn Second treatment phase (B): treatment reinstated Critical thinking - Adoption of a questioning attitude and careful scrutiny of claims and arguments in light of evidence Key features of critical thinking -
- Maintain a skeptical attitude
- Consider the definitions of terms
- Weight the assumptions or premises on which arguments are based
- Correlation is not causation
- Consider the kinds of evidence on which conclusions are based
- Do not oversimplify
- Do not overgeneralize Psychologists consider behavior abnormal when it meets some combination of the following criteria - 1-4: 4 Ds' 5: involve misperceptions or misinterpretations of reality 6: maladaptive or self defeating Nearly ___% of adult Americans are affected by diagnosable psychological disorders at some point in their lifetimes - 50 Who proposed the idea of moving from demonological explanations to underlying biological processes? - Hippocrates Describe the treatment of mental patients during midieval times - Dreadful asylums, sometimes residents were put on display for amusement of the general public Leading reformers of treatment of mentally ill - Jean-Baptistery Pussin, Philippe Pinel, William Tuke, Dorothea Dix Moral therapy - The believe that mental patients could be restored to functioning if they were treated with dignity and understanding; arose in the 19th century
Across a psychotherapy meta-analysis, the average client receiving psychotherapy was better off than ____% of clients who remained untreated (1977 and 1980 results) - 75; 80 At least ___% of patients in controlled research studies show clinically significant improvement in about 13 treatment sessions; by 26 sessions, this number rises to more than ___% - 50; 80 Nonspecific treatment factors - factors not specific to any one form of psychotherapy, such as therapist attention and support and creating positive expectancies of change Examples: empathy, support, and attention from therapist; therapeutic alliance; working alliance (client and therapist work together) Efficacy studies with therapy - Examine either particular treatments work better Effectiveness studies with therapy - Examine the effects of therapy when delivered in the real world Cognitive therapy is an empirically supported treatment for... - Headache, depression Behavior therapy or behavior modification is an empirically supported treatment for... - Depression, developmental disabilities, enuresis Cognitive behavioral therapy is an empirically supported treatment for... - Panic disorder, GAD, bulimia nervosa Exposure treatment is an empirically supported treatment for... - Agoraphobia and specific phobia Exposure and response prevention is an empirically supported treatment for... - OCD Interpersonal psychotherapy is an empirically supported treatment for... - Depression Parent training programs is an empirically supported treatment for... - Children with oppositional behavior Sociocultural theorists seek causes of abnormal behavior in the failures of ___________ rather than in the person - Society Evidence links exposure to discrimination to a greater risk of alcohol use in ____________ ____________ and also a greater risk of drug abuse in ____________ ___________ - Latino women; Latino men
Uncontrollable eye blinking, facial grimaces, lip smacking, and other involuntary movements of the mouth, eyes, and limbs Caused by long term use of antipsychotic drugs Antidepressant drug examples and functions - TCAs, MAO inhibitors, SSRIs, SNRIs; increase availability of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain Antidepressants treat depression as well as... - Panic disorder, social phobia, OCD, bulimia Lithium carbonate can help treat... - Bipolar disorder (it's a mood stabilizer) Can potentially be toxic ____________________ drugs are used to treat epilepsy and also have anti maniac and mood-stabilizing effects and are sometimes used in people with bipolar disorder who cannot tolerate lithium - Anticonvulsive Electroconvulsive therapy - a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient Can be associated with memory loss and high relapse rates Psychosurgery - surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior Very controversial and rarely practiced Deep brain stimulation - electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes; used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders Acetylcholine functions and associations with abnormal behavior - Functions: control of muscle contractions and formation of memories Associations with abnormal behavior: reduced levels found in patients with Alzheimer's Dopamine functions and associations with abnormal behavior - Functions: muscle contractions, learning, memory, emotions Associations with Abnormal Behavior: schizophrenia Norepinephrine functions and associations with abnormal behavior - Functions: mental processes involved in learning and memory
Associations with abnormal behaviors: depression Serotonin functions and associations with abnormal behavior - Functions: regulation of mood states, satiety, and sleep Associations with Abnormal Behavior: depression, eating disorders Medulla - Life-support functions (heart rate, respiration, blood pressure) Pons - Body movement, attention, sleep, respiration Reticular activating system - Regulates sleep, attention, states of arousal; stimulation heightens alertness, alcohol reduces it Thalamus - Relays sensory information Hypothalamus - regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior Limbic system - Drives like hunger, thirst, aggression The peripheral nervous system connects our __________ to our ______________, while the sympathetic nervous system connects our _______________ to our _________________ - Brains, sense organs; sensory organs, brain The sympathetic nervous system ______________ the body's resources while the parasympathetic system is involved in.... - Mobilizes; digestion, replenishing energy reserves True or false: genes dictate behavioral outcomes - False: they play about a 50% role True or false: scientists have not discovered any one gene that causes a psychological disorder - True Epigenetics - Focuses on how environmental factors like stress influence the expression of genetic characteristics, or genotype, into a set of physical and behavioral traits, or phenotype True or false: we one day may be able to silence certain genes or activate others to treat or even prevent psychological disorders - True Which was the first major psychological theory of abnormal behavior? -
