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Abnormal Psychology Midterm
Abnormal behavior - Behavior that is defined as atypical or uncommon, socially unacceptable, distressing to the person who exhibits it or to the people around them, maladaptive Psychological disorder - A syndrome marked by Abnormal behavior that involves disturbance of psychological function or behavior Psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment that is not typical or culturally appropriate Criteria for a psychological disorder -
- Clinical significance
- Distress
- Behavior cannot be a socially expectable response
- Psychological or biological disturbance
- Behavior cannot be defined in terms of social rebellion or deviance Factors that influence abnormal behavior - Psychological factors, biological factors, sociocultural factors (When these factors come together in the perfect combination, psychological disorders emerge) Psychological factors - Factors that influence abnormal behavior Personality traits, coping ability, and perception Biological factors - Factors that influence abnormal behavior Genetics, biochemistry, and brain structure Sociocultural factors - Factors that influence abnormal behavior Experiences throughout life, family dynamics, and your environment Biopsychosocial perspective - Perspective of psychology in which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are seen as influencing the development of the individual Spiritual approach - Approach to psychological disorders
This approach regarded psychological disorders as the product of possession by evil or demonic spirits. Treatments included trephining, exorcism, and other treatments recommended by church Humanitarian approach - Approach to psychological disorders This approach developed throughout history, in part as a reaction against the spiritual approach and its associated punishment of people with psychological disorders This approach regarded psychological disorders as the result of cruelty, stress, or poor living conditions Scientific approach - Approach to psychological disorders This approach to psychological disorders also gained momentum as psychiatrists and psychologists proposed behavior models that included explanations and medically-based treatments for abnormality Hippocrates - Father of modern medicine Believed there were 4 important bodily fluids that influenced physical and mental health, leading to four personality dispositions. Claudius Galen - He developed a system of medical knowledge based on anatomical studies Benjamin Rush - Father of American Psychiatry Rekindled interest in the scientific approach to psychological disorders Advocated for improvements such as placing patients in their own wards, giving them occupational therapy, and prohibiting hospital visits from curiosity seekers looking for entertainment Sigmund Freud - Founder of psychoanalysis Ivan Pavlov - He discovered classical conditioning, which became the basis for the behaviorist movement B. F. Skinner - He formulated a systematic approach to operant conditioning
Patient - A person who receives treatment Client - A person seeking psychological treatment Psychologist - Health care professional offering psychological services Clinician - The person providing treatment Psychiatrist - Person who has a Medical license and can work within the scope of psychology as well as prescribe medication Clinical psychologist - A mental health professional with training in the behavioral sciences who provides direct service to clients DSM-5 - A book published by the American Psychiatric Association that contains standard terms and definitions of psychological disorders It is a non-axial diagnostic system that is divided into 22 chapters that include sets of related disorders. Z codes - These are used by clinicians to indicate the presence of psychosocial and environmental problems ICD (International Classification of Diseases) - Mental health professionals outside the U.S. and Canada use the World Health Organization's (WHO) diagnostic system, which is the _______ The advantage of using this diagnostic system is that it provides a common diagnostic system that the 110 member nations of WHO can use for epidemiological purposes WHODAS (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule) - An instrument known as the ________ is included as a section of the DSM-5 so that clinicians can provide a rating of their overall judgment of a client's psychological, social, and occupational functioning Culture-bound syndromes - Recurrent patterns of abnormal behavior or experience that are limited to specific societies or cultural areas Principal diagnosis -
The disorder that is considered to be the primary reason the individual seeks professional help Differential diagnosis - The process of systematically ruling out alternative diagnoses Comorbid - The situation that occurs when multiple diagnostic conditions occur simultaneously within the same individual Case formulation - A clinician's analysis of the factors that might have influenced the client's current psychological status This is developed to gain a full appreciation of the client's disorder Cultural formulation - Includes the clinician's assessment of the client's degree of identification with the culture of origin The culture's beliefs about psychological disorders, the ways in which the culture interprets particular events, and the cultural supports available to the client Treatment plan - The outline for how therapy should take place Treatment sites - Psychiatric hospitals Specialized inpatient treatment centers Outpatient treatment Halfway houses and day treatment programs Other treatment sites Modality - Form in which the clinician offers psychotherapy Ex: Individual psychotherapy, Family therapy, Group therapy, Milieu therapy Evidence-based practice - Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research evidence and clinical expertise in the context of the cultural background, preferences, and characteristics of clients Remission - Occurs when the individual's symptoms no longer interfere
Prediction of future academic achievement Diagnosis of neurological and psychiatric disorders Evaluation of the potential of employees Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test - Type of intelligence test Average deviation IQ score is set at 100 with a standard deviation of 15. SB5 yields scores on measures of scales labeled fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning, and working memory Deviation intelligence (IQ) - An index of intelligence derived from comparing the individual's score on an intelligence test with the mean score for that individual's reference group Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - The first comprehensive individual test that researchers specifically designed to measure adult intelligence This test can produce an overall IQ score based on an age-normed mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. Scores on Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed scales allow clinicians to examine in more depth the client's cognitive functioning. Personality testing - Testing done to understand a person's thoughts, behaviors, and emotions Self-report clinical inventory - Type of personality testing A psychological test with standardized questions having fixed response categories that the test-taker completes independently, self-reporting the extent to which the responses are accurate characterizations Ex: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Behavioral assessment - Unlike psychological tests, these assessments record actions rather than responses to rating scales or questions -A form of measurement based on objective recording of the individual's behavior -Include descriptions of the events that precede or follow the target behavior
Multicultural assessment - Assessment process in which clinicians take into account the person's cultural, ethnic, and racial background Neuropsychological assessment - An assessment process of gathering information about a client's brain functioning on the basis of performance on psychological tests. Clinicians can choose from tests that measure attention and working (short-term) memory, processing speed, verbal reasoning and comprehension, visual reasoning, verbal memory, and visual memory Executive functioning - The ability to formulate goals, make plans, carry out those plans, and then complete the plans in an effective way Types of neuropsychological assessments - -Trail Making Tests -Executive function -Clock Drawing Test -Wisconsin Card Sorting Test -BNT -WMS- -CANTAB EEG (electroencephalogram) - Type of neuroimaging An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. CAT (computerized axial tomography) - Type of neuroimaging Used to map organs, bones, and other tissues (shows more detail than regular x-ray) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) - Type of neuroimaging Technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain PET (Positron Emission Tomography) - Type of neuroimaging A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
Endophenotypes - Genetic mechanisms that contribute to the underlying problems causing the symptoms and difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders Epigenesis - Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells Family inheritance studies - Type of genetics research method Studies in which researchers compare the disorder rates across relatives who have varying degrees of genetic relatedness Genome-wide linkage studies - Type of genetics research method Studies in which researchers study the families of people with specific psychological traits or disorders Genome-wide association studies - Type of genetics research method Studies in which researchers scan the entire genome of individuals who are not related to find the associated genetic variations with a particular disease Treatments for psychological disorders - Biological treatments involve medications, surgery or other direct treatment on the brain. Psychotherapeutic medications Psychosurgery Deep brain stimulation, also called neuromodulation Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Trait theory - A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions Provides a perspective for examining personality disorders Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism - The acronym O.C.E.A.N. can be used for the five factor model of personality. It stands for: Psychodynamic perspective - The approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control
Gives greatest emphasis to the role of processes beneath the surface of awareness as influences on abnormality Freud's theory - Theory that mind has 3 structures: id, ego, superego Id - In Freudian theory, this structure contains the sexual and aggressive instincts Ego - In Freudian theory, this structure is the center of conscious awareness Superego - In Freudian theory, this structure is the personality's seat of morality Defense mechanisms - Tactics that keep unacceptable thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of conscious awareness and thus protect the ego against anxiety Psychosexual stages - Normal sequence of development through which each individual passes between infancy and adulthood Infant attachment style - Ainsworth secure, anxious, avoidant Traditional psychoanalytic treatment - Main goal of _______ __________ _________ is to bring repressed, unconscious material into conscious awareness Behavioral perspective - A theoretical perspective in which it is assumed that abnormality is caused by faulty learning experiences Involves classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning and cognition Counterconditioning - Behavioral perspective: treatment Process of replacing an undesired response to a stimulus with an acceptable response Systematic desensitization Contingency management -
These are characterized by deficits in general mental abilities such as reasoning, problem solving, judgment, ability to learn from experience, and learning in an academic context This disorder must also involve impairment in adaptive functioning Genetic abnormalities - _________ __________ are a significant cause of intellectual disability Down syndrome Phenylketonuria Tay-Sachs disease Fragile X syndrome Degrees of severity (for intellectual developmental disorders) - Mild Moderate Severe Profound Environmental hazards - _______ _________ are the second category of causes of intellectual developmental disabilities Mothers can experience these while pregnant: -Teratogens -Rubella -Anoxia -Premature birth -Brain injury during delivery -Fetal alcohol syndrome Fetal alcohol syndrome - A mother who consumes alcohol during pregnancy increases the risk that her child will be born with this It involves a set of abnormalities in facial appearance, slower than average growth patterns, and nervous system delays that result in intellectual deficits Fetal alcohol syndrome - Children with _____ ______ ______ experience reduced brain volume and malformations of the corpus callosum Autism spectrum disorder - A neurodevelopmental disorder involving impairments in the domains of social communication and performance of restricted, repetitive behaviors Severity levels - Children with ASD are evaluated along two domains:
-social and communication disturbances -Restricted range of interests and performance of repetitive behaviors and activities Within each domain, clinicians specify one of 3 ______ ______ -requiring support -requiring substantial support -requiring very substantial support communication, social patterns, behavior - Children with ASD may show developmental deficits in ________, ________, and
Echolalia - The uncontrollable and immediate repetition of words spoken by another person Shown in children with ASD 1 in 68 - According to CDC, prevalence rates of ASD are increasing In 2007, the CDC the estimated the prevalence rate in the United States at approximately 1 of every 150 children. In 2012 estimated prevalence rates increased to _________ children Biologically - Evidence pointing to patterns of familial heritance supports the theory that autism spectrum disorder is __________ caused. -Chromosomal abnormalities -Structural brain abnormalities -Functional brain abnormalities Treatments for ASD - Lovaas treatment Self-control procedures Improve language and communication during child's early years Teaching adaptive skills Interaction of peers rather than adults Rett syndrome -
"combined type" "predominantly inattentive" type "predominantly hyperactive- impulsive" type ADHD - Children with _______ may have lower grades, experience discipline problems, and are more at risk of developing substance use disorders in adulthood ADHD in adults - -symptoms of inattentiveness -deficits in executive functioning -men in particular are at higher risk of having vehicular accidents -serious problems in relationships -greater risk of engaging in deviant or antisocial behavior 76 - The biological determination of ADHD is well established, as indicated by family, twin, adoption, and molecular genetic studies. Researchers estimate ADHD heritability is as high as ___ percent and is among the highest rates of all psychiatric disorders. Theories of ADHD - Functional and structural abnormalities in the brain arising from: -Birth complications, acquired brain damage, exposure to toxic substances, infectious diseases. Biological abnormalities affect ability to inhibit and control behavior. Social influence - Disorganized family environment and school failure Treatment of ADHD - Medication -Stimulants (e.g., Ritalin) -Antidepressants Psychosocial treatment -Psychoeducation -Individual therapy -Compensatory behavioral and self-management training Motor disorder - The primary form of _____ _______ is developmental coordination disorder
Children with this disorder experience marked impairment in their abilities to coordinate the movements of their hands and feet Tic - A rapid, recurring, involuntary movement or vocalization Motor - ______ tics include eye blinking, facial twitches, and shoulder shrugging Vocal - ____ tics include coughing, grunting, snorting, coprolalia (the uttering of obscenities), and tongue clicking. Tourette's disorder - The most well-known of the tic disorders, with individuals experiencing a combination of chronic movement and vocal tics Usually a lifelong condition with onset usually in childhood or adolescence Stereotypic Movement Disorder - Children with this disorder engage in repetitive, seemingly driven behaviors Ex: waving, body rocking, head-banging, self-biting, and picking at their bodies Schizophrenia - The broad category of this disorder includes a set of disorders in which individuals experience distorted perception of reality and impairment in thinking, behavior, affect, and motivation Delusion - Symptom of schizophrenia A deeply entrenched false belief that not consistent with the client's intelligence or cultural background. Several types can be experienced by people with this disorder. Grandeur - Type of delusion (schizophrenic symptom) A grossly exaggerated conception of the individual's own importance Control - Type of delusion (schizophrenic symptom) The feeling that one is being controlled by others, or even by machines or appliances Reference -
loosening of associations. Characterized by a flow of thoughts that is vague, unfocused, and illogical. Inappropriate affect - Symptom of schizophrenia The extent to which a person's emotional expressiveness fails to correspond to the content of what is being discussed Paranoia - Symptom of schizophrenia The irrational belief or perception that others wish to cause you harm, may be associated with delusions or auditory hallucinations related to a theme that somebody is persecuting or harassing them Active phase (of schizophrenia) - Period during which the symptoms of schizophrenia are most prominent Positive symptoms: exaggerations or distortions of normal thoughts/emotions/behavior Negative symptoms: symptoms that involve functioning below the level of normal behavior Association, Affect, Ambivalence, Autism - Bleuler coined the term schizophrenia The four fundamental features are still referred to as Bleuler's Four A's: _______ (thought disorder) _______ (emotional disturbance) _______ (inability to make or follow through on decisions) _______ (withdrawal from reality) Equally - Men and women are ________ likely, over the course of their lifetimes, to develop schizophrenia 1 - Researchers estimate the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia at ____ percent 2 to 3 - People with schizophrenia are ____ to ____ times more likely to die compared to others within their age group continuous, remission, recurrent, extended -
4 different courses of schizophrenia Schizophrenia-like disorders - Disorders similar to schizophrenia that involve abnormalities in one or more of the five domains: -Delusions -Hallucinations -Disorganized thinking (speech) -Grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior -Negative symptoms Brief psychotic disorder - A diagnosis that clinicians use when an individual develops symptoms of psychosis that do not persist past a short period of time Symptoms must be present for more than a day, but recover in less than a month Schizophreniform disorder - A disorder with essentially the same symptoms as schizophrenia, but that lasts from 1 to 6 months Schizoaffective disorder - Schizophrenia with co-occurring mood disorder Ex: major depressive episode, manic episode, or mixed episode Delusional disorder - Disorder in which the only symptoms are delusions that have lasted for at least one month Biological theories - Theories of schizophrenia that involve brain structure and genetics -Ventricular enlargement and cortical atrophy -Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) -Dopamine hypothesis Neurodevelopmental hypothesis - Biological theory of schizophrenia that proposes development of the disorder arises during the years of adolescence or early adulthood due to alterations in the genetic control of brain maturation Psychological perspective - Perspective that schizophrenic disorders result from a deficit in social cognition Brains become less activated when given a social cognition task
