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ACTG 474 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
sabotage - Answers - an intentional act where the intent is to destroy a system or some of its components cookie - Answers - text file created by a website and stored on a visitors hard drive. they store info about who the user is and what they have done on the site fraud - Answers - any and all means a person uses to gain an unfair advantage over another person white collar criminals - Answers - business people who commit fraud, usually resort to trickery or cunning, and their crimes usually involve a violation of trust or confidence corruption - Answers - dishonest conduct by those in power which often involves actions that are illegitimate, immoral, or incompatible with ethical standards investment fraud - Answers - misrepresenting or leaving out facts in order to promote an investment that promises fantastic profits with little to no risk misappropriation of assets - Answers - theft of company assets by employees fraudulent financial reporting - Answers - intentional or reckless conduct, whether by act or omission, that results in materially misleading financial statements pressure - Answers - a person's incentive or motivation for committing fraud opportunity - Answers - condition or situation that allows a person or organization to commit and conceal a dishonest act and convert it to a personal gain lapping - Answers - concealing the theft of cash by means of a series of delays in posting collections to accounts receivable check kiting - Answers - creating cash using the lag between the time a check is deposited and the time it clears the bank rationalization - Answers - excuse that fraud perpetrators use to justify their illegal behaviors computer fraud - Answers - any type of fraud that requires computer technology to perpetrate
information rights management - Answers - software that offers the capability to not only limit access to specific files or documents, but also to specify the actions that individuals who are granted access to that resource can perform data loss prevention - Answers - software that works like antivirus programs in reverse, blocking outgoing messages that contain key words or phrases associated with intellectual property or other sensitive data the organization wants to protect digital watermark - Answers - code embedded in documents that enables an organization to identify confidential information that has been disclosed data masking - Answers - program that protects privacy by replacing personal information with fake values spam - Answers - unsolicited emails that contain advertisements or offensive content identity theft - Answers - assuming someones identity, usually for economic gain encryption - Answers - process of transforming normal text, called plaintext, into unreadable gibberish, called ciphertext decryption - Answers - process of turning ciphertext into plain text symmetric encryption systems - Answers - encryption systems that use the same key to both encrypt and decrypt asymmetric encryption systems - Answers - encryption systems that use two keys (public and private); either key can encrypt, but only the matching key can decrypt public key - Answers - used in asymmetric encryption systems, widely distributed and available to everyone private key - Answers - used in asymmetric encryption systems, it is kept secret and known only to the owner of that pair of public and private keys key escrow - Answers - process of storing a copy of an encryption key in a secure location hashing - Answers - transforming plaintext of any length into a shortcode - called a hash nonrepudiation - Answers - creating legally binding agreements that cannot be unilaterally repudiated by either party digital signature - Answers - hash encrypted with hash creator's private key
batch totals - Answers - the sum of a numerical item for a batch of documents, calculated prior to processing the batch, when the data are entered, and subsequently compared with computer-generated totals after each processing step to verify that the data was processed correctly financial total - Answers - a type of batch total that equals the sum of a field that contains monetary values hash total - Answers - a type of batch total generated by summing values for a field that would not usually be totaled record count - Answers - a type of batch total that equals the number of records processed at a given time prompting - Answers - an online data entry completeness check that requests each required item of input data and then waits for an acceptable response before requesting the next required item closed-loop verification - Answers - an input validation method that uses data entered into the system to retrieve and display other related information so that the data entry person can verify the accuracy of the input data header record - Answers - type of internal label that appears at the beginning of each file and contains the file name, expiration date, and other file identification information trailer record - Answers - type of internal label that appears at the end of a file; in transaction files, the trailer record contains the batch totals calculated during input transposition error - Answers - an error that results when numbers in two adjacent columns are inadvertently exchanged cross-footing balance test - Answers - a processing control which verifies accuracy by comparing two alternative ways of calculating the same total zero-balance test - Answers - a processing control that verifies that the balances of a control account equals zero after all entries to it have been made concurrent update controls - Answers - controls that lock out users to protect individual records from errors that could occur if multiple users attempted to update the same record simultaneously checksum - Answers - a data transmission control that uses a hash of a file to verify accuracy parity bit - Answers - an extra bit added to every character; used to check transmission accuracy
parity checking - Answers - a data transmission control in which the receiving device recalculates the parity bit to verify accuracy of transmitted data fault tolerance - Answers - the capability of a system to continue performing when there is a hardware failure redundant arrays of independent drives - Answers - a fault tolerance technique that records data on multiple disk drives instead of just one to reduce the risk of data loss uninterruptible power supply - Answers - an alternative power supply device that protects against the loss of power and fluctuations in the power level by using battery power to enable the system to operate long enough to back up critical data and safely shut down backup - Answers - a copy of database, file, or software program recovery point object - Answers - the amount of data the organization is willing to reenter or potentially lose recovery time objective - Answers - the maximum tolerable time to restore an organization's information system following a disaster, representing the length of time that the organization is willing to attempt to function without its information system real-time mirroring - Answers - maintaining complete copies of a database at two separate data centers and updating both copies in real-time as each transaction occurs full backup - Answers - exact copy of an entire database incremental backup - Answers - a type of partial backup that involves copying only the data items that have changed since the last partial backup. this produces a set of incremental backup files, each containing the results of one day's transactions differential backup - Answers - a type of partial backup that involves copying all changes made since the last full backup. thus, each new differential backup file contains the cumulative effects of all activity since the last full backup archive - Answers - a copy of a database, master file, or software that is retained indefinitely as a historical record, usually to satisfy legal and regulatory requirements disaster recovery plan - Answers - a plan to restore an organization's it capability in the event that its data center is destroyed cold site - Answers - a disaster recovery option that relies on access to an alternative facility that is prewired for necessity telephone and internet access, but does not contain any computing equipment
project development plan - Answers - document showing project requirements (people, hardware, software, and financial), a cost-benefit analysis, and how a project will be completed (tasks to be performed, who will perform them, and completion dates) master plan - Answers - describes what a system will consist of, how it will be developed, who will develop it, when it will be developed, how needed resources will be acquired, the status of projects in process, the prioritization of planned projects, and the prioritization criteria program evaluation and review technique (PERT) - Answers - a way to plan, develop, coordinate, control, and schedule systems development activities; all activities and precedent and subsequent relationships among activities, are identified and shown on a PERT diagram critical path - Answers - the PERT path requiring the greatest amount of time to complete a project; if a critical path activity is delayed, the whole project is delayed gantt chart - Answers - bar graph used for project planning. it shows project activities on the left, units of time across the top, and the time each activity is expected to take as a horizontal bar feasibility study - Answers - an investigation to determine whether it is practical to develop a new application or system economic feasibility - Answers - determining whether system benefits justify the time, money, and resources required to implement it technical feasibility - Answers - determining if a proposed system can be developed given the available technology legal feasibility - Answers - determining if a proposed system will comply with all applicable federal and state laws, administrative agency regulations, and contractual obligations scheduling feasibility - Answers - determining if a proposed system can be developed and implemented in the time allotted operational feasibility - Answers - determining if the organization has access to people who can design, implement, and operate the proposed system and if employees will use the system capital budgeting model - Answers - a return-on-investment technique used to compare estimated benefits and costs to determine whether a system is cost beneficial payback period - Answers - a return-on-investment technique used to calculate the number of years required for the net savings of a system to equal its initial cost
net present value (NPV) - Answers - a return-on-investment technique that discounts all estimated future cash flows back to the present using a discount rate that reflects the time value of money internal rate of return - Answers - a return-on-investment technique that calculates the interest rate that makes the present value of total costs equal to the present value of total savings behavioral aspects of change - Answers - the positive and negative ways people react to change; managing these behavioral reactions is crucial t successfully implementing a new system aggression - Answers - resistance to change intended to destroy, cripple, or weaken system effectiveness, such as increased error rates, disruptions, or deliberate sabotage projection - Answers - resistance to change that blames anything and everything on the new system, such that it becomes the scapegoat for all real and imagined problems and errors avoidance - Answers - resistance to change where users ignore a new is in the hope that the new system will eventually go away request for systems development - Answers - a written request for a new or improved system that describes the current system's problems, the reasons for the change, and the proposed system's objectives, benefits, and costs initial investigation - Answers - a preliminary investigation to determine whether a proposed new system is both needed and feasible proposal to conduct systems analysis - Answers - a request to complete the systems analysis phase for a project that makes it through the initial investigation systems survey - Answers - an extensive study of the current accounting information system systems documentation - Answers - a complete description of how the system is supposed to work, including questionnaire copies, interview notes, memos, document copies, and models physical model - Answers - the description of how a system functions by describing document flow, computer processes performed, the people performing them, and the equipment used
business process reengineering - Answers - thorough analysis and redesign of business processes and information systems to achieve dramatic performance improvements; often a drastic, one-time-event business process management - Answers - a systematic approach to continuously improving and optimizing business processes; a more gradual improvement facilitated by technology business process management system - Answers - system that automates and facilitates business process improvements throughout the sdlc prototyping - Answers - an approach to systems design in which a simplified working model, or prototype, of an information system is developed operational prototypes - Answers - prototypes that are further developed into fully functioning systems nonoperational (throwaway) prototypes - Answers - prototypes that are discarded, but the system requirements identified from the prototypes are used to develop a new system computer-aided software engineering (CASE) - Answers - integrated package of tools that skilled designers use to help plan, analyze, design, program, and maintain an information system
