ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
Acute Renal Failure (AKI) – Introduction
Acute Renal Failure (ARF), now called Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), is a sudden
and rapid decline in kidney function occurring within hours to days. It results in
decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to accumulation of
nitrogenous waste products such as urea and creatinine (azotemia). It also
causes imbalance of fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base status. AKI is potentially
reversible if detected and treated early, but if severe or prolonged, it can
progress to chronic kidney disease or cause death.
Types of Acute Renal Failure
1. Prerenal AKI
Prerenal AKI is caused by decreased renal blood flow without structural damage
to kidneys. It accounts for most cases of AKI. Causes include dehydration,
hemorrhage, burns, shock, heart failure, and sepsis. Reduced perfusion leads to
decreased GFR. If prolonged, it may progress to intrinsic renal damage (acute
tubular necrosis).
