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Adjectives and Adverbs: A Comprehensive Guide for High School Students, Study notes of English

English

Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns. A noun is a person, ... More difficult adverbs and adjectives: Good/Well, Bad/Badly, and. Real/Really.

Typology: Study notes

2022/2023

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Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjectives
Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns. A noun is a person, place or
thing, and a pronoun takes the place of a noun. For example, she is a pronoun
for Margie. Typically, an adjective answers how many, what kind, and which
one.
For example: Two boys are left in the spelling bee.
- Two tells how many boys; boys is the noun
Several, some, every, few, many, and a lot are also adjectives that express
how many.
Furthermore, adjectives can describe nouns: Lydia’s blue eyes sparkle
like sapphires when she smiles.
- Blue illustrates what color of eyes she has, thus describing the noun
eyes.
- The adjective Blue can also come after the noun it is modifying. For
example, Lydia’s eyes are blue.
In addition, adjectives demonstrate which one by using the words this,
that, these and those. For instance: This teacher is less demanding than
that one. Or, I want to buy these books.
This, that, these and those also can be used as pronouns, depending on
how the word is used in a sentence. For example: That is my favorite
show. And, These are mine.
Moreover, adjectives modify pronouns: This is hot. Or, He is handsome.
Adjectives also can be identified by their endings: ous, ful, ish, and able.
For example, the words beautiful, joyous, childish, and adorable are all
adjectives.
Adjectives: -ed or -ing? English contains numerous -ed or –ing adjective
pairs derived from verbs. To avoid mixing these up, remember that adjectives
ending in –ed are used to describe how you feel, and the –ing adjectives are
used for what it is that makes you feel that way (modified from English Grammar
Explanations). Here are some examples:
I feel tired. - Working on my essay gets very tiring.
I am bored. - This grammar lesson is boring.
I may be interested in Mythology. - Mythology seems interesting.
Adverbs
Adverbs describe or modify verbs, other adverbs, and adjectives. Verbs are the
words in the sentence that show action→ run, talk- occurrence→ shines,
dims, or existence→ am, is or feel. Most of the time, the adverb will answer
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Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives

Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns. A noun is a person, place or thing, and a pronoun takes the place of a noun. For example, she is a pronoun for Margie. Typically, an adjective answers how many, what kind , and which one.

 For example: Two boys are left in the spelling bee.

  • Two tells how many boys; boys is the noun  Several, some, every, few, many, and a lot are also adjectives that express how many.  Furthermore, adjectives can describe nouns: Lydia’s blue eyes sparkle like sapphires when she smiles.
  • Blue illustrates what color of eyes she has, thus describing the noun eyes.
  • The adjective Blue can also come after the noun it is modifying. For example, Lydia’s eyes are blue.  In addition, adjectives demonstrate which one by using the words this, that, these and those. For instance: This teacher is less demanding than that one. Or, I want to buy these books.  This, that, these and those also can be used as pronouns, depending on how the word is used in a sentence. For example: That is my favorite show. And, These are mine.  Moreover, adjectives modify pronouns: This is hot. Or, He is handsome.  Adjectives also can be identified by their endings: ous, ful, ish, and able. For example, the words beautiful, joyous, childish, and adorable are all adjectives.

Adjectives: - ed or - ing? English contains numerous - ed or – ing adjective

pairs derived from verbs. To avoid mixing these up, remember that adjectives ending in – ed are used to describe how you feel, and the – ing adjectives are

used for what it is that makes you feel that way (modified from English Grammar

Explanations ). Here are some examples:

 I feel tired. - Working on my essay gets very tiring.  I am bored. - This grammar lesson is boring.  I may be interested in Mythology. - Mythology seems interesting.

Adverbs

Adverbs describe or modify verbs, other adverbs, and adjectives. Verbs are the words in the sentence that show action → run, talk - occurrence → shines, dims , or existence → am, is or feel. Most of the time, the adverb will answer

these questions: How or in what manner, when, how often, to what degree, and where? Often, adverbs can be identified by - ly endings but not always.  For example: Yousef quietly works on his essay.

  • Quietly shows in what way Yousef works ; the word quietly modifies the verb works.  Adverbs also answer When? For instance: Yesterday, I helped the student with his thesis statement.
  • The adverb Yesterday tells when the student was helped.
  • Soon, later, now, first, later, and after also tell when.  Words like s ometimes, always, usually, seldom, often, and never are adverbs that illustrate how often. For example: Nathan never brings his homework to class. Or, He always brings his homework to class.
  • Frequency can also be shown as adverbs this way: most of the time, in general, and on occasion.  Another way adverbs modify verbs is by telling to what degree. Review the following sentences: Jack deeply loves to play basketball. Or, My husband somewhat wants to watch the new episode of American Idol.
  • Other common degree adverbs are not , v ery, too, slightly, thoroughly, more, less, almost, and quite.  In addition, adverbs tell where in a sentence as with the words here , there , anywhere , ahead , and away. For example: I will be there in ten minutes. Also, Jessica is going away for the summer.
  • In the second example, the adverb away is telling where Jessica is going for the summer.

Adverbs modify (or intensify) other Adjectives

 Sanjiv very carefully listened to the teacher’s lesson.

  • The adverb very tells how carefully Sanjiv was listening.  The horrors of my accident will never completely escape my mind.
  • Again, the adverb never tells how completely.  The cat is too lazy.
  • Notice how the adverb too is modifying the adjective lazy, and lazy is modifying the noun cat.

Changing an Adjective to an Adverb

Adjectives can usually be turned into an Adverb by adding – ly to the ending.  By adding – ly to the adjective slow , you get the adverb slowly.

  • The slow turtle crosses the road.
  • The turtle slowly crosses the road.  If the adjective ends in the letter - y , then change the letter - y to - i and add – ly to form an adverb: happy→ happily

Same Word Adverbs and Adjectives

Some Adjectives and Adverbs are the same word while others change in form all together. For example, these adverbs and adjectives are the same word: f irst, second, fast, clean, clear, early, late, low, and straight.  Go straight home after school. – Adverb  Draw a straight line on your paper. – Adjective Also,  The runner placed first in the race. – Adverb  The first runner gets a gold medal. – Adjective

  • The only way to tell them apart is to identify what is being modified, the noun or verb.

Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs that change in form:

Much→ More→ Most Good→ Better→ Best Bad→ Worse→ Worst Far→ Farther→ Farthest Far→ Further→ Furthest Well→ Better→ Best Badly→ Worse→ Worst Little→ Less→ Least

More difficult adverbs and adjectives : Good/Well, Bad/Badly, and

Real/Really. First, determine exactly what is being described: a noun, pronoun, verb, or an adjective.

Example 1: I feel bad /badly. In this sentence, the speaker is not talking about the physical action of feeling but is describing I , that person’s state of mind or health; therefore, one would use the adjective bad. Remember, adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. To use the word badly as a modifier correctly, one would say this: I was hurt badly by the hail storm. Example 2: Raymond didn’t do good/ well on the test. Is this sentence referring to Raymond’s performance or Raymond himself? It is talking about his performance which is an action, so one would use the adverb well because as mentioned earlier adverbs describe verbs. Using good as a modifier looks like this: The perfume smells good. Example 3 : Jarid is real/ really sure of his decision to be a doctor. Since sure is an adjective, one would use the adverb really because as previously discussed adverbs modify adjectives. An example of using real would be this: This grammar handout is a real example of hard work.