Advanced Operating Systems: Reasons, Characteristics, and Examples of Distributed Systems, Assignments of Computer Science

The reasons for using advanced operating systems, focusing on distributed systems. It covers the characteristics of distributed systems, including resource sharing, concurrency, scalability, openness, fault tolerance, and transparency. Three real-world examples of distributed systems - the internet/world-wide web, bittorrent, and uber - are explained in detail.

Typology: Assignments

2020/2021

Uploaded on 07/18/2021

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HADIA NAYYER
MS(CS&IT)- EVENING
Roll No # CT-013
ASSIGNMENT # 1
ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEM
a) Write down the reasons due to which advanced operating systems are required.
Give few examples.
Advanced operating systems are required because traditional multitasking operating
systems are mostly used at the user end or work on particular workstation.
Conventional operating systems are unable to provide high-speed computing so In
Advanced operating systems; Multiprocessor systems and distributed systems have
been adopted for performance reasons.
The Advanced operating system is categorized on the following basis:
Hardware Architecture Driven
Distributed Operating Systems
Multiprocessor Operating Systems
Application Driven
Database Operating Systems
Real-Time Operating Systems
Hardware Architecture Driven
Distributed Operating System
A collection of autonomous computers
Linked by a network
Using software to produce an integrated computing facility
Distributed Operating System design issues same as traditional systems.
Distributed Operating System practical issues are
Lack of shared memory
Lack of global clock
Unpredictable communication delays
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HADIA NAYYER MS(CS&IT)- EVENING Roll No # CT- 013 ASSIGNMENT # 1 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEM a) Write down the reasons due to which advanced operating systems are required. Give few examples. Advanced operating systems are required because traditional multitasking operating systems are mostly used at the user end or work on particular workstation. Conventional operating systems are unable to provide high-speed computing so In Advanced operating systems; Multiprocessor systems and distributed systems have been adopted for performance reasons. The Advanced operating system is categorized on the following basis:

  • Hardware Architecture Driven ▪ Distributed Operating Systems ▪ Multiprocessor Operating Systems
  • Application Driven ▪ Database Operating Systems ▪ Real-Time Operating Systems Hardware Architecture Driven Distributed Operating System A collection of autonomous computers ▪ Linked by a network ▪ Using software to produce an integrated computing facility Distributed Operating System design issues same as traditional systems. Distributed Operating System practical issues are ▪ Lack of shared memory ▪ Lack of global clock ▪ Unpredictable communication delays

Multiprocessor Operating Systems A Multiprocessor system is a tightly coupled system where processors share an address space, common clock, share over an interconnection network Multiprocessor Operating System design issues the same as traditional systems. Multiprocessor Operating System practical issues are: ▪ Increased complexity of synchronization ▪ Scheduling ▪ Memory management ▪ Protection and security Application Driven Database Operating Systems Databases place special requirements on the Operating System. It must support ▪ The concept of transaction ▪ Operations to store, retrieve and manipulate data efficiently ▪ Primitives for concurrency control ▪ And system failure recovery ▪ Concurrency control is one of the most challenging problems in the design of database operating systems Real-time Operating Systems ▪ Place application-specific special requirements on an operating system. ▪ Policies and mechanisms are geared to ensuring jobs meet their deadlines. ▪ Problem is one of resource scheduling and overall system utilization

In a distributed system hardware, software, network anything can fail. The system must be designed in such a way that it is available all the time even after something has failed. Transparency Distributed systems should be perceived by users and application programmers as a whole rather than as a collection of cooperating components. Transparency can be of various types like access, location, concurrency, replication, etc. Example of Distributed System We Use Are:

  • Internet/World-Wide Web
  • BitTorrent
  • Uber Internet/World-Wide Web The World Wide Web is a large distributed system. In the World Wide Web application, the data or application were distributed on several numbers of heterogeneous/different computer systems, but for the end-user or the browser, it seems to be a single system from which the user got the information. The multiple numbers of computers working concurrently and perform the resource sharing in the World Wide Web. BitTorrent BitTorrent is a distributed peer-to-peer system. A BitTorrent client is a tool used to achieve the majority of the activities in sharing. The file(s) being distributed is divided into pieces.
  • When a peer receives a piece, it can then redistribute it to other peers.
  • Pieces are protected by a cryptographic hash so as to avoid accidental or malicious modification.
  • Pieces are distributed non-sequentially and the client rearranges them when it receives all the pieces. Uber Due to Advancement in technology everything is connected with distributed system. Uber use real time system for tracking, real time system is distributed locally and globally.