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Advanced Pathophysiology
Eukaryotes - Well -defined nucleus What are the 8 Cellular Functions - Movement, Conductivity, Absorption, Secretion Excretion, Respiration, Communication What are the two major parts of a Eukaryotic Cell? - Nucleus and Cytoplasm What is the primary functions of the nucleus? - Cell division and control of genetic information What is the chief function of ribosomes? - Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis This is where proteins from the Endoplasmic Reticulum are packaged. - Golgi Complex This is responsible for synthesis and transport of proteins? - Endoplasmic Reticulum _________ functions as the intracellular digestive system. - Lysosomes Powerhouse of the cell? It also generates ATP thru aerobic metabolism. - Mitochondria
Maintains the shape of the cell, the "bones and muscles" of the cell? - Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton is made up of what? - Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments What are the structures that make up the plasma membrane? - Caveolae, lipid bilayer, and carbohydrates What is a amphipathic molecule? - A molecule that is part hydrophobic and hydrophilic. _______ solution pulls water out of cells and causes them to shrink. - Hypertonic ________ has a lower concentration and is thus more dilute than body fluids. - Hypotonic This type of transport requires energy to take place? - Active Transport When at rest where is NA+ located in relation to the cell? - Outside / Extracellular fluid When at rest where is K+ located in relation to the cell? - Inside / Intracellular Fluid What is happening during Depolarization? -
H+ _____ in number, pH is ______ (acidic) - high / low H+ ______ in number, pH is ______ (Alkaline) - Low / High What is the body's normal pH? - 7.35-7. Elevation of pCO2 due to ventilation depression - Respiratory Acidosis Depression of pCO2 due to alveolar hyperventilation - Respiratory Alkalosis Depression of HCO3- or an increase in noncarbonic acids - Metabolic Acidosis Elevation of HCO3- usually due to an excessive loss of metabolic acids - Metabolic Alkalosis The actual values for bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio are not normal but the normal ratio is achieved. 20:1 ratio - Compensation Ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis are associated with a ______ anion gap. - Elevated
Diarrhea and renal failure are associated with a _______ anion gap. - Normal _____ has the same osmolality as normal body fluids - Isotonic The main difference between cells that divide rapidly and cells those that divide slowly is? - the amount of time is spends in G1 Phase The medium in which a solute is dissolved is? - Solvent A substance that binds to a receptor is? - Ligand What is the unfolding of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle to enter into the cell? - Endocytosis A decrease or shrinkage in cellular size - Atrophy A increase in the size of a cell and organ - Hypertrophy Increase in the number of cells related to cellular division - Hyperplasia Cell death caused by _____ results in inflammation. - Necrosis
_______ is directional movement of cells along a chemical gradient formed by a chemotactic factor - Chemotaxis The primary role of most granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and monocytes/macrophages is? - phagocytosis What is the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to 12 hours after the initial injury? - Neutrophils What phagocytes arrive at the site of inflammation at 3-7 days after injury? - Monocytes/ Macrophages _______ are phagocytes that are less common but are associated with asthma and allergies. - Basophils Purulent exudate is indicative of __________ - Bacterial infection / pus What do type I alveolar cells do? - Provide structure What do type II alveolar cells do - secrete surfactant
