CHAPTER 1
CELLULAR BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
DIFFERENCES: PROKARYOTES
AND EUKARYOTES/ CELLULAR
FUNCTION/ PLASMA MEMBRANE/
CASE STUDY AND PRACTICE
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
RATIONALES.
(CONTAINS COLORED DIAGRAMS)
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Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function, Exams of Neurobiology
A comprehensive overview of the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells, including their organelles, membrane transport, cellular metabolism, and cell cycle. It covers topics such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, mitochondria, plasma membrane, cellular receptors, cell-to-cell adhesions, signal transduction, cellular energy, and cellular metabolism. The document also includes explanations of active and passive transport, electrical impulses, and the sodium-potassium pump.
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2023/2024
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R 1
CELLULAR BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
DIFFERENCES: PROKARYOTES
AND EUKARYOTES/ CELLULAR
FUNCTION/ PLASMA MEMBRANE/
CASE STUDY AND PRACTICE
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
RATIONALES.
(CONTAINS COLORED DIAGRAMS)
DIFFERENCES: PROKARYOTES
AND EUKARYOTES
ā¢ Prokaryotes
ā¢ No distinct nucleus (single, circular chromosome)
ā¢ Lack histones, organelles
ā¢ Cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiae
CELLULAR FUNCTIONS
ā¢ Specialized through differentiation or maturation
- Movement
- Conductivity
- Metabolic absorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
- Respiration
- Reproduction
- Communication
1. What cellular function occurs in all cell types?
A. Secretion B. Movement C. Reproduction D. Metabolic absorption Correct Answer: D Metabolic absorption is done by all cells. All cells can take in and use nutrients and other substances. Movement is performed by muscle cells. Not all cells can perform this function. Secretion is performed by certain cells, such as mucous gland cells. Not all cells can perform this function. Reproduction, or continuous division, is not a function all cells can perform.
EUKARYOTIC CELL (CONT.)
From Raven, P.H., & Johnson, G.B. (1992) Biology. St Louis: Mosby.
EUKARYOTIC CELL (CONT.)
EUKARYOTIC CELL (CONT.)
ā¢ Cytoplasm
ā¢ Cytoplasmic matrix
- Fills space between nucleus and plasma membrane
ā¢ Cytosol
- Storage for fat and carbohydrates
ā¢ Cytoplasmic organelles
- Various functions including synthesis of proteins and hormones
EUKARYOTIC CELL (CONT.)
ā¢ Components of eukaryotic cell
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
(CONT.)
ā¢ Golgi complex
ā¢ Network of smooth membranes
ā¢ Processing and packaging of proteins
ā¢ Secretory vesicles
ā¢ Cytoskeleton
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
(CONT.)
ā¢ Lysosomes
ā¢ Originate from the Golgi
ā¢ Contain enzymes for digestion
ā¢ Cellular injury causes enzyme release that leads to
cellular self-destruction
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
(CONT.)
ā¢ Mitochondria
ā¢ Cellular energy metabolism
ā¢ ATP generation
ā¢ Has role in:
- Osmotic regulation
- pH control
- Calcium homeostasis
- Cell signalling
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
(CONT.)
ā¢ Cytoskeleton
ā¢ āBones and musclesā of cell shape
ā¢ Composed of protein filaments
ā¢ Forms cell extensions
2. Where in the cell does the function of cellular energy
metabolism and generation of most of the cellās
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) occur?
A. Nucleus B. Lysosomes C. Mitochondria D. Golgi complex Correct Answer: C Mitochondria contain the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism. The enzymes of the respiratory chain (electron-transport chain), found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, generate most of the cellās ATP. The nucleus is the largest membrane-bound organelle and is found usually in the cellās centre. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Controls the composition of a space or compartment it encloses
- Function
- Cell-to-cell recognition
- Cellular mobility
- Cellular shape
- Movement of molecules
- Composition
- Lipid bilayer
- Solid-gel phase
- Fluid-liquid crystalline phase
- Liquid-ordered phase
- Lipid bilayer