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ALBERTA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURSING EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWER (VERIFIED ANSWER) PLUS
RATIONALE 2026Q&A|INSTANT DOWNLOAD PDF
1 – 10 (Cell Injury, Inflammation & Adaptation)
1. Cell injury becomes irreversible when: A. Oxygen increases B. ATP depletion is severe and prolonged C. Blood flow improves D. Glucose increases Answer: B Rationale: Severe ATP depletion leads to irreversible cell damage. 2. The earliest sign of inflammation is: A. Fever B. Redness C. Hair loss D. Weight gain Answer: B Rationale: Vasodilation increases blood flow causing redness. 3. The main purpose of inflammation is to: A. Destroy tissues B. Remove harmful stimuli and start healing C. Reduce immunity D. Stop blood flow Answer: B Rationale: Inflammation protects and repairs tissue. 4. Edema in inflammation is caused by: A. Dehydration B. Increased capillary permeability
C. Low blood pressure D. Infection only Answer: B Rationale: Fluid leaks into tissues from vessels.
5. Fever during infection is caused by: A. Hormones only B. Pyrogens resetting hypothalamus C. Kidney failure D. Oxygen increase Answer: B Rationale: Pyrogens raise body temperature set point. 6. Necrosis refers to: A. Normal cell growth B. Uncontrolled cell death C. Healing D. Cell division Answer: B Rationale: Pathological tissue death due to injury. 7. Apoptosis is: A. Random cell death B. Programmed cell death C. Infection D. Swelling Answer: B Rationale: Controlled physiological cell death. 8. Hypertrophy means: A. Cell number increase B. Cell size increase C. Cell death D. Infection
Answer: B Rationale: Natural immediate defense mechanism.
13. Adaptive immunity involves: A. Skin B. Memory cells C. Fever only D. Hair growth Answer: B Rationale: Produces specific immune memory. 14. Inflammation is mediated by: A. RBCs B. WBCs and cytokines C. Platelets only D. Bone Answer: B Rationale: Immune cells release inflammatory mediators. 15. Leukocytosis means: A. Low WBC B. High WBC C. Low RBC D. High platelets Answer: B Rationale: Increased white blood cell count during infection. 16. Sepsis is: A. Mild infection B. Systemic inflammatory response to infection C. Allergy D. Fever only Answer: B Rationale: Life-threatening body response to infection.
17. Shock is defined as: A. High blood pressure B. Inadequate tissue perfusion C. Fever D. Pain Answer: B Rationale: Insufficient blood flow to organs. 18. Anaphylaxis is: A. Mild allergy B. Severe allergic reaction C. Infection D. Fever Answer: B Rationale: Life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction. 19. Antibodies are produced by: A. RBCs B. B lymphocytes C. Platelets D. Neurons Answer: B Rationale: B cells produce immunoglobulins. 20. Inflammation signs include: A. Cold skin B. Redness, heat, swelling, pain C. Hair loss D. Sleep Answer: B Rationale: Classic cardinal signs of inflammation. 21 – 30 (Cardiovascular & Respiratory Pathophysiology)
B. Low oxygen in tissues C. Fever D. Pain Answer: B Rationale: Inadequate oxygen supply.
26. COPD is characterized by: A. High oxygen B. Airflow obstruction C. Kidney failure D. Liver disease Answer: B Rationale: Chronic airway limitation. 27. Asthma involves: A. Airway inflammation B. Bone loss C. Kidney disease D. Infection only Answer: A Rationale: Bronchial inflammation and constriction. 28. Pulmonary edema is: A. Lung fluid accumulation B. Dry lungs C. Infection only D. Fever Answer: A Rationale: Fluid in alveoli reduces gas exchange. 29. Shock leads to: A. Increased perfusion B. Organ hypoxia C. Weight gain
D. Fever Answer: B Rationale: Reduced blood flow causes oxygen deficit.
30. Cyanosis indicates: A. High oxygen B. Low oxygen C. High glucose D. Infection Answer: B Rationale: Bluish discoloration due to hypoxia. **31 – 40 (Renal, Endocrine & Systemic Disorders)
- Acute kidney injury results in:** A. Increased urine B. Decreased kidney function C. Fever D. High oxygen Answer: B Rationale: Sudden loss of renal function. 32. Chronic kidney disease is: A. Sudden B. Progressive kidney failure C. Infection D. Allergy Answer: B Rationale: Long-term kidney damage. 33. Diabetes mellitus involves: A. Low insulin effect B. High oxygen C. Infection D. Bone loss
38. Hyperthyroidism causes: A. Low metabolism B. High metabolism C. Kidney failure D. Infection Answer: B Rationale: Excess thyroid hormone increases activity. 39. Electrolyte imbalance affects: A. Hair only B. Heart and nerve function C. Skin only D. Vision only Answer: B Rationale: Electrolytes regulate neuromuscular activity. 40. Final goal of understanding pathophysiology is to: A. Memorize diseases only B. Understand disease mechanisms for better care C. Ignore symptoms D. Delay treatment Answer: B Rationale: Helps guide nursing interventions and patient care. **41 – 50 (Cardiovascular & Circulatory Disorders)
- Heart failure results in:** A. Increased cardiac output B. Reduced cardiac output C. Increased oxygen delivery D. No change in circulation Answer: B Rationale: The heart cannot pump blood effectively to meet body needs.
42. The most common cause of myocardial infarction is: A. Infection B. Coronary artery blockage C. Fever D. Dehydration Answer: B Rationale: Atherosclerotic plaque blocks coronary blood flow. 43. Hypertension increases risk of: A. Bone growth B. Stroke C. Hair loss D. Improved immunity Answer: B Rationale: High BP damages blood vessels leading to stroke. 44. Atherosclerosis is characterized by: A. Airway inflammation B. Fat deposition in arteries C. Kidney infection D. Bone loss Answer: B Rationale: Plaque narrows arteries and reduces blood flow. 45. Shock is defined as: A. High blood pressure B. Inadequate tissue perfusion C. Fever D. Infection Answer: B Rationale: Organs receive insufficient oxygen and nutrients. 46. Cardiogenic shock is caused by: A. Infection
D. Muscle injury Answer: B Rationale: Lack of oxygen to brain tissue causes cell death. 51 – 60 (Respiratory System Disorders)
51. Asthma is characterized by: A. Permanent airway destruction B. Reversible airway obstruction C. Kidney failure D. Bone disease Answer: B Rationale: Airways narrow but can return to normal. 52. COPD is: A. Reversible condition B. Progressive airway obstruction C. Acute infection D. Allergy only Answer: B Rationale: Chronic lung disease with irreversible damage. 53. Emphysema involves: A. Fluid in lungs B. Alveolar destruction C. Heart infection D. Liver damage Answer: B Rationale: Loss of alveoli reduces gas exchange. 54. Pneumonia is caused by: A. Bone infection B. Lung infection C. Kidney failure D. Heart failure
Answer: B Rationale: Inflammation of lung tissue due to pathogens.
55. Hypoxia refers to: A. High oxygen B. Low tissue oxygen C. High BP D. Fever Answer: B Rationale: Insufficient oxygen at cellular level. 56. Hypercapnia is: A. Low CO₂ B. High CO₂ in blood C. High oxygen D. Low glucose Answer: B Rationale: CO₂ retention due to poor ventilation. 57. Pulmonary edema is: A. Air in lungs B. Fluid in alveoli C. Infection D. Asthma Answer: B Rationale: Fluid accumulation impairs gas exchange. 58. Pneumothorax is: A. Fluid in lungs B. Air in pleural space C. Infection D. Fever Answer: B Rationale: Air collapses lung tissue.
63. Uremia refers to: A. High oxygen B. Waste buildup in blood C. Fever D. Pain Answer: B Rationale: Kidney failure leads to toxin accumulation. 64. Proteinuria indicates: A. Kidney damage B. Liver disease C. Lung infection D. Fever Answer: A Rationale: Protein leakage in urine signals renal dysfunction. 65. Urinary tract infection causes: A. Lung disease B. Bladder inflammation C. Heart failure D. Bone loss Answer: B Rationale: Bacteria infect urinary tract. 66. Hematuria means: A. Protein in urine B. Blood in urine C. No urine D. Sugar in urine Answer: B Rationale: Indicates urinary tract damage or infection. 67. Kidney failure leads to: A. Fluid overload
B. Dehydration only C. Increased oxygen D. Weight loss only Answer: A Rationale: Reduced excretion causes fluid retention.
68. Dialysis is used to: A. Cure infection B. Replace kidney function C. Treat asthma D. Lower BP only Answer: B Rationale: Removes waste products from blood. 69. Electrolyte imbalance affects: A. Only skin B. Heart and nerves C. Hair D. Bones only Answer: B Rationale: Electrolytes regulate neuromuscular activity. 70. Most dangerous electrolyte imbalance is: A. Calcium only B. Potassium imbalance C. Sodium only D. Iron Answer: B Rationale: Potassium affects cardiac rhythm. **71 – 80 (Endocrine & Systemic Pathophysiology)
- Diabetes mellitus is caused by:** A. Excess insulin B. Insulin deficiency or resistance
Answer: B Rationale: Controls body energy use.
76. Hypothyroidism causes: A. Weight loss B. Slow metabolism C. Fever D. High energy Answer: B Rationale: Reduced thyroid hormone slows body processes. 77. Hyperthyroidism causes: A. Weight gain B. Increased metabolism C. Kidney failure D. Infection Answer: B Rationale: Excess thyroid hormone speeds metabolism. 78. Adrenal hormones regulate: A. Hair growth B. Stress response C. Vision D. Bones only Answer: B Rationale: Cortisol controls stress response. 79. Electrolyte imbalance affects: A. Only skin B. Nervous and cardiac function C. Hair D. Vision only Answer: B Rationale: Essential for nerve and heart activity.
80. Final goal of pathophysiology understanding is to: A. Memorize diseases B. Understand disease mechanisms for care C. Ignore symptoms D. Delay treatment Answer: B Rationale: Helps guide nursing assessment and intervention.
