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A developmental stage for children ages 6 months to 6 years that includes features such as sound symbol association. - answer-Chall's Pre-reading Stage Smallest Unit of sound in a spoken word. - answer-Phoneme The linguistic knowledge that would best enable a student to understand the word anthropomorphic. - answer- Morphology Teaching pragmatics through oral language may positively impact a student's understanding of implied meaning in written language. - answer-Teaching Pragmatics A group of words that contain three speech sounds, such as night through sawed. - answer-Three Speech Sounds Group Current research has led to the conclusion that a 'glitch' may have taken place during fetal development. - answer-Developmental Dyslexia Research An individual with dyslexia might experience delays in social development as demonstrated by a lack of good judgment, inability to stick with a game, and erratic emotional behavior. - answer-Social Development Delays in Dyslexia A student who learns better from a lecture/class discussion rather than from the printed page. - answer- Poor Visual Learner Most students will learn and retain information better if instruction is given through multisensory strategies (VALT).
- answer-Multisensory Strategies Research supports that dyslexia is a disorder that can be remediated through corrective vision. - answer-Dyslexia Misconception The type of assessment a teacher should give to a student making A's and B's but is a slow reader due to reading difficulties. - answer-Informal Assessment The Woodcock- Johnson Psycho-Education Battery is an academic achievement test that is criterion-referenced. - answer-Criterion-Referenced Test Grade equivalent scores are not a dependable representation of progress. - answer-Grade Equivalent Scores An IEP for a student identified with a learning disability does not include a prescription for a specific intervention. - answer-Individual Education Plan (IEP) A brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional testing or alternative instruction. - answer-Informal Screening Used to measure Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. - answer- Conner's Rating Scales A person with an impairment that significantly limits one or more of life's major functions is entitled to benefits under both Section 504 and IDEA. - answer-Entitlement to Benefits According to the National Reading Panel Report (2000), a deficit in phonology represents the strongest indication of a reading disability. - answer-Reading Disability Indicator A member shall be advised of the specifics of the complaint no less than 15 days prior to the date set for the hearing. - answer-Hearing Notification Period An IMSLEC & ALTA therapist shall neither give nor receive a commission rebate or any other form of remuneration for the referral of students for therapy. - answer-IMSLEC & ALTA Therapist Responsibilities If a private student has reached all benchmarks, you should give parents documentation of the services he has received and discuss gradual transition into the classroom. - answer-Student Placement Recommendation As an MSL teacher/therapist, you should provide reasonable expectations of student outcomes to
students & parents. - answer-IMSLEC & ALTA Codes of Ethics Fees for services to clients will be set by training courses. - answer-Code of Ethics Advise Mr. Smith that you are not yet fully qualified. - answer-Ethical advice to Mr. Smith Requires the examinee to remember specific information. - answer-Recall item Parts of speech and sentence structure belong in which language domain?: Syntax. - answer-Example of recall item Requires the examinee to make use of knowledge. - answer-Application item Errors such as 'hav' for 'have' and 'hors' for 'horse' indicate a student would benefit from instruction in orthographic patterns. - answer-Example of application item Identify the syllable type. - answer-Instructional needs for misreading /p/, /m/, and /f/. - answer-Consonant phonemes requiring lips Spelling. - answer-Essential component for dyslexia evaluation Enacted in 1975 as PL 94-142, updated in 1990 and reauthorized in 2004; 'Specific Learning Disability' is an identifiable category of disability with eight academic domains. - answer-Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Naming. - answer-Phonological processing component Working memory. - answer-Executive function subtype affecting decoding Language comprehension and decoding. - answer-Factors affecting reading comprehension Receive written consent from the adult student or from the parent or legal guardian of the minor student. - answer-Steps for record requests from school district Learning to recognize word families (bat, cat, hat). - answer-Linguistics-based beginning reading approach Synthetic and analytic instruction. - answer-Syllable division instruction Controlled reading and spelling vocabulary. - answer-Characteristics of decodable text Essential to ensure automaticity. - answer-Importance of repeating information Isabelle Liberman. - answer-Research on phonological awareness Is replicated and longitudinal. - answer-Scientifically based research 70-80% have deficit in reading - answer-Specific Learning Disabilities The key to automatic word recognition - answer-Rapid letter naming Refers to applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning - answer-Decoding and encoding Recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence and blending sounds into a word - answer-Decoding Includes teaching the correct pencil grip and formation of each letter - answer-Effective handwriting instruction National Institute of Child Health and Human Development - answer-NICHD Academic Language Therapy Association - answer-ALTA International Multisensory Structured Education Council - answer-IMSLEC Multisensory Structured Language - answer-MSL Shall maintain the highest standards of Integrity-clinical competence and responsibility in their professional interaction with their students - answer-ALTA members The right of parents of a child with disabilities to receive notice of changes in the child's education program and to pursue a hearing if there is a disagreement - answer-Procedural Safeguards A document that identifies a child as having a disability and delineates referral, evaluation, special education and related services to be provided,
Keenness of thought or vision. - answer-Acuity The use of semantic and syntactic clues to aid in completing sentences. - answer-Cloze Procedure What are the three Primary reasons of poor reading? - answer-Difficulty decoding, inaccurate word recognition, insufficient reading fluency Reading - Language comprehension subskills are like strands of a rope, but they converge; many skills are woven into skilled reading. - answer-Language Comprehension Word Recognition. - answer-Scarborough's Reading Rope Highly unreliable. - answer-Problems with age/grade equivalents Brief achievement test measuring reading recognition, spelling, arithmetic computation. - answer-WRAT - Wide Range Achievement Test Comprehensive assessment of a child's early literacy fundamentals that are predictive of future reading success. - answer-PALS - Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening An informal, diagnostic, individually administered assessment tool to help teachers determine the point of instruction for students and to monitor progress in phonological awareness skills. - answer-PAST - Phonological Awareness Screening for Naming Letters / Phonological Awareness / Reading nonsense and real words / Reading Fluency / Reading Comprehension. - answer-DIBELS - Dynamic Indicators of Basic Literacy Data that provides information about knowledge to be applied to short-term goals, collected during instruction through instructional activities, homework; used to adjust instructional practices in an effort to maximize student learning. - answer- Formative data Data that provides information about knowledge to be applied to long-term, comprehensive goals, collected at the end of a chapter, unit, or course, after instruction has taken place; used to make curriculum decisions, direct future instruction, and improve instructional practices. - answer-Summative data Nonsense words that are phonetically regular. - answer-Pseudowords Standardized assessment that must be administered and scored according to prescribed procedures. - answer-Formal assessment Assessment that classifies a student in terms of achievement or improvement or grade-level performance based on targeted outcomes. - answer- Outcome measure Assessment that provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses. - answer-Diagnostic measure Periodic assessment that measures progress in response to specific instruction and/or intervention. Specific to the Goal. - answer- Progress monitoring Brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional or alternate forms of instruction. - answer- Screening Completed by parents and sometimes teachers and used to check for symptoms of ADHD; measure and compare a child's behavior to that of other children the same age. Examples: Connor's Rating Scale, Child Behavior Checklist, Behavior Evaluation Scale, Burk's Behavior Rating Scale. - answer-Behavior rating scales Assessment that measures knowledge that has been taught or a student's performance in a local curriculum. The CBM is a quick probe into student achievement that provides current, week-by- week information on the progress a child is making. Examples:
classroom tests and quizzes, spelling tests, etc. - answer- Curriculum-based measurement Any tests that are administered and scored in a pre-specified, standard manner; each test-taker is asked the same questions and/or given the same tasks, provided the same information before and during the test, has the same amount of time to take the test. All tests are also scored in the same manner. These tests can be either norm-referenced or criterion-referenced, and either an achievement or an aptitude test. - answer- Standardized tests Assessment that provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses. Compares a person's score against the scores of people who have already taken the test, the 'norming group,' a national sample of similar students. Examples: Woodcock Johnson, Stanford Achievement Test, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, California Achievement Test, DIBELS, WRAT, WISC-IV, Stanford Binet. - answer-Norm-referenced test Designed to measure students' specific knowledge and skills. Examples: Woodcock Johnson, California Achievement Test, Stanford Achievement Tests, Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, WRAT (Wide Range Achievement Test). - answer-Intelligence test Deficit in phonological awareness and rapid naming. - answer-Double deficit dyslexia The quick repeated naming of a series of objects, colors, or letters in random order. - answer-RAN - rapid automatized naming Means twisted symbols. - answer-Stephosymbolia A specific learning disability characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. - answer-Dyslexia Disorder characterized by difficulty attending to and completing tasks. - answer-Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) One of the three subtypes of ADHD. - answer- Hyperactive/Impulsive Type One of the three subtypes of ADHD. - answer-Inattentive Type One of the three subtypes of ADHD. - answer-Combined Type Characterized by constant motion, difficulty remaining seated, excessive fidgeting, talking, losing things, inability to stay on task, interrupting others, difficulty waiting for turns, blurting out answers, and taking frequent risks. - answer- ADHD - Hyper-active/Impulsive type Characterized by a short attention span for age, difficulty listening to others, difficulty attending to details, being easily distracted, poor organizational skills, forgetfulness, and poor study skills. - answer-ADHD - Inattentive Type The area in the front left inferior part of the brain responsible for expressive language, articulation, and word analysis.
- answer-Broca's area The part of the brain responsible for word analysis, acting as an automatic detector of words in less time than a heartbeat. - answer-Left parieto-temporal area The area of the brain key for language comprehension and production of phonemes.
- answer-Left inferior frontal gyrus The area on the left side of the brain responsible for receptive language. - answer-Wernicke's area The part of the brain responsible for word form imprinting, allowing rapid response to seeing a word, recognizing it as a pattern. - answer-Occipito-temporal system The area of the brain that
receptive and expressive oral language, despite adequate hearing, intelligence, sociocultural opportunity. - answer-Dysphasia Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). - answer-Aphasia The loss of the ability to read, usually the result of brain injury. - answer-Alexia Neurological oral-motor dysfunction including weaknesses of the musculature necessary for making the coordinated movements of speech production. - answer-Dysarthria Slight variations in production of vowels or consonants that are predictable variants of a phoneme. - answer-Allophones Phonemes produced in the same place of the mouth, in the same manner, but that vary in the voicing characteristics. - answer-Voiced-voiceless One of the three ways consonant sounds are categorized. - answer-Place of articulation The study of speech sounds in spoken language. - answer-Phonetics The ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels. - answer-Phonological awareness Awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words. - answer-Phonemic awareness A sound produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth or lips. - answer-/f/ A sound produced by forcing air out through the nose: /n/ /m/. - answer-Nasal sound A sound prolonged in its production: /m/ /s/ /f/. - answer-Continuant sound A sound obstructed; they must be clipped off: /b/ /d/. - answer-Stop consonant sound A puff of air. - answer- Aspiration One does not attempt to remediate the problem but instead recommends modifications within the learning environment which allows the student to be successful. - answer-Compensatory approach Instruction that connects sounds and letters. - answer- Phonics Phonics pertains to instruction or a process that begins with parts and builds to the whole. Starts with individual letter sounds that are blended together to form a word. - answer-Synthetic Phonics refers to when children learn to analyze letter-sound relationships in previously learned words. They do not pronounce sounds in isolation. - answer-Analytic Phonics, children learn to use parts of word families they know to identify words they don't know that have similar parts. - answer-Analogy-based With phonics, children are taught letter-sound relationships during the reading of connected text. - answer-Embedded Important concepts and skills are taught very clearly and directly by the teacher. Children are not expected to infer these concepts and skills just from exposure alone. - answer-Explicit The understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters. - answer-Alphabetic principle Blocked/voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed. - answer-Consonant Open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract. - answer-Vowel A letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech sound. - answer- Grapheme Sounds, words, phrases, sentences, text. - answer- Sequence of Decoding Fusing individual sounds, syllables or words
into meaningful units. - answer-Blending Symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme. - answer-Reading Phonology, morphology, syntax refer to. - answer-Form of language Reading with rapidity and automaticity. - answer-Fluency The rhythmic flow of oral reading. - answer-Prosody Language as it is used in interactional contexts. - answer-Pragmatic language Sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme. - answer-Spelling One kind of metacognition: analyzing, thinking and talking about language independent of the meanings of words. - answer-Metalinguistics A method of leading students to new learning through questioning. - answer-Guided discovery Means to discover by demonstration. - answer-Heuristic A syllable that ends in one or more consonants. - answer-Closed vc A syllable that ends in a vowel. - answer-Open V Syllable with a v-e situation. - answer-V-E Syllable with a vowel digraph or diphthong. - answer-Vowel team Syllable with a vowel r combination. - answer-R controlled A non phonetic syllable which occurs frequently in the final position of English words. - answer-FSS All one syllable words are accented. - answer-Accent The first syllable is usually accented. Final Stable Syllables are not accented. - answer-Two syllable English words Usually accented; prefixes and suffixes are rarely accented. - answer-Root of the word Either alternates syllables or roughly follows a three-quarter (waltz time) cadence. - answer- Accent in English The accent in a base word may change when an affix increases the number of syllables. - answer-Base word accent change The first syllable is most often accented, then the second, and then the third. - answer-Longer words accent The writing system of a language. - answer-Orthography Memory of letter patterns and word spellings. - answer-Orthographic Mapping The ability to remember letter patterns and word spellings. - answer- Orthographic memory The smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix, prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat, man. - answer-Morpheme Instruction begins with the identification of a familiar word, then introduces a particular sound/spelling relationship within that familiar word. - answer- Analytic Phonics In this systematic and explicit approach, students learn to transform letters and letter combinations into sounds and then the sounds together to form recognizable words. - answer- Synthetic Phonics The ability to hear differences in sounds. - answer-Auditory discrimination The number of words, numbers, or sounds a student can hold in his working memory. - answer-Auditory span Two or more sounds that are frequently together; each sound can be separated into its individual components. - answer-Blends A diacritical mark (,) placed below the letter c to indicate that it is pronounced as an s. - answer-Cedilla The code marked placed over vowels to indicate an unusual pronunciation. - answer-Circumflex Unexpected sound. - answer-Combination Two disorders in the same individual. - answer-Comorbid Adding a prefix or a suffix to a base word. - answer-Derivative A mark indicating pronunciation. - answer- Diacritical markings Two dots over an a (a). - answer-Dieresis The
Angular gyrus the term for the area of the brain that is used for skilled reading - answer-Occipital-temporal region the term for all consonants preceding the vowel in a syllable - answer-onset a variation of speech sound that is not a separate phoneme - answer- allophone the term for a practice session with only one focus - answer-Homogeneous practice a morpheme which may not stand alone as an independent word as -ing - answer-Bound morpheme Which language only accounts for 10% of our language? - answer- French Who came up with congenital word blindness? - answer- Morgan Which of Chall's stages is college and beyond; reading is for one's own needs and purpose; synthesize new knowledge - answer- stage 5 Which of Chall's stages is increased fluency, simple stories, making meaning out of text, grade 2-3, ages 7 to 8? - answer-stage 2 words that have different meanings but are spelled the same; pronunciation may be the same or different- wind/wind - answer- homographs
