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American Heritage Exam Q&A: BYU Final Review, Exams of History

Howard Community CollegeHistory

A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to american heritage, specifically tailored for the final exam at byu. It covers a wide range of topics, including progressive amendments, key historical figures, landmark supreme court cases, and fundamental concepts in political philosophy and economics. The material is presented in a concise question-and-answer format, making it an effective study aid for students preparing for their exams. It includes key concepts such as winthrop's comparison to andrew carnegie, hoover's views on negative liberty versus fdr, the three founding moments as described by bruce ackerman, sumner's 'forgotten man,' carnegie's 'gospel of wealth,' mlk jr.'s steps to non-violent campaign, and woodrow wilson's 'new freedom.' the document also touches on important legal cases like plessy vs. Ferguson, brown vs. Board of education, and dred scott case, as well as economic principles such as comparative advantage, opportunity cost, and mercantilism.

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 11/25/2025

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American Heritage Final BYU Test Questions and Answers Rated A
Progressive amendments are ______ - -
16-21
Winthrop is compared to____________ - -
Andrew Carnegie
Hoover had ___________________ and wanted
___________ compared to________. - -
Negative liberty, moderation, FDR
What are the Three Founding Moments
(changed gov't) and who said it? - -1.
Philadelphia convention/constitution
2. Reconstruction/Civil War Amendments
3. New deal
Bruce Ackerman
What Social Classes Owe Each Other: By
Sumner - -The forgotten man, according to
Sumner's definition, is someone looking for a
chance to make it on his own -- and who the
government can help most by protecting
economic freedom, providing a stable currency,
and limiting the burden of taxation.
Rugged Individualism: By Herbert Hoover -
-More negative freedom than FDR,
liberties same otherwise become like a tyranny
The Gospel of Wealth
By Andrew Carnegie - -1. Invest
2. Give it to children
3. Spend on behalf of the public good, while
alive. (Best option)
- He argued that the affluent had a unique
responsibility to be philanthropic. In other words,
the rich should devote themselves to distributing
their wealth responsibly to benefit society while
they are still alive. He famously ends saying,
'The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.'
The Golden Age of the Middle Class - -
Baby boom area so first time in a while that
people had leisure time.
Talked about GI Bill: Paid for veterans to go to
college and get a degree.
Letter from Birmingham Jail by MLK Jr. - -
Remember 4 steps to non-violent campaign.
1. Collect facts to determine whether injustices
exist.
2. Negotiations
3. Self-purification
4. Direct Action (non-violent)
Also remember Just/Unjust Laws (We should not
obey unfair laws)
*Must break law 1. openly, 2. lovely and 3. accept
consequences.*
New Freedom - -Constitution is an evolving
thing-needs to adapt to modern needs, "gov't is
not a machine but a living thing." -Woodrow
Wilson
Plessy vs. Ferguson - -Took place in 1896
(Long time before civil rights movement)
Set a precedent for civil rights movement
Plessy was 1/8 black, kicked off an all-white train,
took it to Supreme Court and they ruled that
separate but equal was ok.
(However Justice Harlan thought this would
cause problems later on.)
Los Angeles Club - -Two problems are
political machines and large corporations.
Sandel - -Chapter 9- Moral Individualism
Focusing on yourself
Kant and Rawls favored this (believed that the
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Progressive amendments are ______ - - 16 - 21 Winthrop is compared to____________ - - Andrew Carnegie Hoover had ___________________ and wanted ___________ compared to________. - - Negative liberty, moderation, FDR What are the Three Founding Moments (changed gov't) and who said it? - - 1. Philadelphia convention/constitution

  1. Reconstruction/Civil War Amendments
  2. New deal Bruce Ackerman What Social Classes Owe Each Other: By Sumner - - The forgotten man, according to Sumner's definition, is someone looking for a chance to make it on his own -- and who the government can help most by protecting economic freedom, providing a stable currency, and limiting the burden of taxation. Rugged Individualism: By Herbert Hoover -
    • More negative freedom than FDR, liberties same otherwise become like a tyranny The Gospel of Wealth By Andrew Carnegie - - 1. Invest
  3. Give it to children
  4. Spend on behalf of the public good, while alive. (Best option)
  • He argued that the affluent had a unique responsibility to be philanthropic. In other words, the rich should devote themselves to distributing their wealth responsibly to benefit society while they are still alive. He famously ends saying, 'The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.' The Golden Age of the Middle Class - - Baby boom area so first time in a while that people had leisure time. Talked about GI Bill: Paid for veterans to go to college and get a degree. Letter from Birmingham Jail by MLK Jr. - - Remember 4 steps to non-violent campaign.
    1. Collect facts to determine whether injustices exist.
    2. Negotiations
    3. Self-purification
    4. Direct Action (non-violent) Also remember Just/Unjust Laws (We should not obey unfair laws) Must break law 1. openly, 2. lovely and 3. accept consequences. New Freedom - - Constitution is an evolving thing-needs to adapt to modern needs, "gov't is not a machine but a living thing." - Woodrow Wilson Plessy vs. Ferguson - - Took place in 1896 (Long time before civil rights movement) Set a precedent for civil rights movement Plessy was 1/8 black, kicked off an all-white train, took it to Supreme Court and they ruled that separate but equal was ok. (However Justice Harlan thought this would cause problems later on.) Los Angeles Club - - Two problems are political machines and large corporations. Sandel - - Chapter 9- Moral Individualism Focusing on yourself Kant and Rawls favored this (believed that the

right is prior to the good) Different from Aristotle who believed your religious and moral beliefs should affect your actions Moral Responsibility - - Natural duties- universal, don't require consent, be respectful towards everybody else Voluntary obligations-particular, require consent, anything you give your consent to helping people Obligations of solidarity-particular but don't require consent (Sandel likes this, ex. like helping the poor) Chapter 10-The Inspired Constitution - - Some parts of Constitution are divinely inspired (new ideas) Dealing with Factions - - 1. Can't eliminate causes

  1. Control effects (extended republic-no faction can create a majority)(Like crabs in a bucket)
  2. Separation of powers (each branch has a specific job)
  3. Checks and balances Brown vs. Board of Education - - Separate is NOT EQUAL (Took awhile for all schools to enforce) 1957 Little Rock Nine - - Governor Orval was racist and wouldn't let blacks into school so President Eisenhower called National Guard to escort the kids in. Positive Liberty - - Freedom to Act (Gov't is liberator, like the shepherd who freed the sheep) Negative Liberty - - Freedom from, The government should not interfere with human rights: Freedom of Speech Freedom of Religion Freedom of the Press Freedom of assembly Freedom of Petition The government shouldn't get in the way of what the people want Progressivism - - Political (Initiative, Referendum, Recall), a philosophy of political reform based on the goodness and wisdom of the individual citizen as opposed to special interests and political institutions. (Scale of Private Power) Dred Scott Case - - Sued for his freedom, labeled slaves as property, subject to property rights Marbury vs. Madison - - The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789. Radical vs. Modern - - Radical: Be crazy, doesn't matter if it's right or wrong. Modern: Social norms, more constraint Virtue, Freedom, and Welfare - - Virtue: Greeks mention based on achievements, virtue also deals with civil liberty Welfare: overall prosperity, public well-being, what is the best for everybody Human Predicament Cycle - - Between Tyranny and Anarchy, The cycle from tyranny to

conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states. Great Compromise - - Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house Federalist 10 - - Factions are good because competing interest that one won't overcome and be a majority Federalist 78 - - Judicial, written by Alexander Hamilton; talks about the federal judiciary; judiciary must depend on other two branches to uphold its decisions Federalist 84 - - Hamilton acknowledges objections about why we don't need a bill rights from brutus. Federalist 51 - - Structure of gov't Anti-Federalists - - Gridlock?, people who opposed the Constitution Articles of the Constitution - - Legislative Executive Judicial States, first 3 articles, states powers of each branch, Article One: Legislative Power Article Two: Executive power Article Three: Judicial power Article Four: States' powers and limits Article Five: Amendments Article Six: Supreme power(constitution) Article Seven: Ratification Full Faith and Credit Clause - - Clause in the Constitution (Article 4, Section 1) requiring each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid. Amendment Process - - step 1: amendment proposed by 2/3 vote of both houses of congress OR a constitutional convention called by congress on petition of 2/3 out of 50 states. THEN amendment ratified by 3/4 of the 50 state legislatures OR 3/4 of special constitutional conventions called by 50 states THEN the new amendment! Supremacy - - The law, federal law must obey! , supreme power or authority; a point to be determined when laws of the differing levels of government conflict Ratification - - At least nine states, supermajority, process of approving the Constitution Forms of Liberty - - Ancient Liberty Winthrop's Civil Liberty Negative Liberty Positive Liberty Radical Liberty Market Weaknesses (hint: EMPIRE) - - Economic Inequality Monopoly Public Goods Imperfect Information Recession

Externalities Hoover wanted ________________ - - Economic Freedom What is a Monopoly? - - One corporation owns everything in that area, they have market power and can influence price. Anti-Trust Laws - - Break up big companies Externalities - - Exchange between two people effects third party (Can be negative or positive) Negative- Smoking Positive- Vaccine Subsidize - - Gov't can lower price, helps pay for things Public Good - - Gov't produces it because no one would make a profit off of it Recession - - 1. Tax less, more motivated for people to spend.

  1. Government spend more
  2. Goal is to increase demand Monetary - - Increase money supply Decrease interest rate. Easier to get loans Imperfect Information - - People get harmed, bad info What era were young people feeling entitlement?
    • Hippie Era Emmett Till - - Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement. Populism - - Started on the farms, Farm- based movement of the late 1800s that arose mainly in the area from Texas to the Dakotas and grew into a joint effort between farmer and labor groups against big business and machine-based politics. The movement became a third party in the election of 1892. Political Machines - - Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party. Libertarian Philosophical Case for Markets? -
      • Allowing people to engage in voluntary exchanges respects their freedom. Utilitarian Philosophical Case for Markets? -
      • When exchanges are freely chosen, both parties are better off (as long as the exchange doesn't hurt others). Who said this, "It's ... a mistake to value all goods in the same way, as instruments of profit or objects of use. If this idea is right, it explains why there are some things money can't buy." - - Sandel. Who said this, ""The man who builds a factory builds a temple; the man who works there, worships there." - - Calvin Coolidge
  • Expansion in size and scale of government What 6 agencies came from the progressive era?
      1. Interstate Commerce Commission
  1. Regulation of Railroads
  2. Food and Drug Administration
  3. Workman's Compensation
  4. Unemployment Insurance
  5. Child labor laws/Compulsory schooling
  6. Antitrust laws Blows to progressivism? - - 1. WWI— 1914 - 18
  7. Science produced the machine gun and mustard gas
  8. but not the knowledge to avoid war
  9. Unintended Consequences
  10. Too much faith in government reform? Who said this, "Opportunity is a public good, as well as a private one." - - Richard V. Reeves 4 in 10 Americans have experienced at least one of the following challenges in the past year. What are the 6 challenges? - - 1. Didn't pay the full amount of an important bill
  11. Received financial help from family or friends
  12. Didn't go to the doctor because of the cost
  13. Didn't eat because couldn't afford food
  14. Moved in with others because of financial stress
  15. Stayed at a shelter for at least one night Who said this, "What our government does these days is especially responsive to the values and interests of the most privileged Americans." - - APSA Task Force What are the 6 evolving ideas of freedom? -
    • Ancient freedom Founding Civil war Progressive era New deal Contemporary Characteristics of Recession/Depression? -
    1. Some shock hits the economy Ex.: Stock market declines
  1. Wages and prices should automatically adjust downward to preserve full employment.
  2. But contracts and inertia prevent quick adjustment in wages and prices.
  3. Output falls and unemployment rises. What were the characteristics of the Great Depression morally? - -- Movement down the economic ladder
  • Suicide
  • Abandonment
  • Alcoholism
  • National demoralization How was the Great Depression as a Political Crisis? - -- Severe hardship and misery strain the political system
  • Violent conflict
  • Loss of faith in traditional understandings of politics and economics in the United States
  • Demands for fundamental change and dramatic response Who said this, "Use of the authority of government as an organized form of self-help for all classes and groups and sections of our country" -
  • FDR - presenting the New Deal. New relationships between the people and government

What agencies help create financial stability? -

  • SEC, FDIC and NLRB FDR view on the economy? - - 1. Economic security is a right
  1. Freedom is not the absence of government, but the absence of fear and want
  2. Positive liberty Hoover view on the economy? - - 1. Don't forget more traditional visions of freedom and rights or the need for limited government
  3. Increasing bureaucratization can mean a loss of freedom, not an increase of freedom
  4. Negative liberty Hoover worries that the rise of government means...? - - the loss of economic freedom FDR may have saved the country from what two types of government? - - Communism and Fascism What lessons have we learned from history about foreign policy? - - 1. Foreign policy is driven by domestic political forces.
  5. National interest dominates foreign policy just as self-interest usually dominates our individual behavior.
  6. But the U.S. has a strong sense of mission in its foreign policy Who said this, "Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent Alliances, with any portion of the foreign world... We may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies." - - George Washington Who said this, "Honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none" - - Thomas Jefferson Who said this, "Making the world safe for democracy." - - Woodrow Wilson World War II illustrates the power and unity that comes when ______ and ________ come together in foreign policy. - - interest, virtue What were the 3 Post-War Revolutions? - -
  7. New Sustained Prosperity ( White collar revolution)
  8. New Middle Class
  9. New Consumer Technology (Cars and Highways) What type of era is this statement making: -
  • Instead of looking to permanent standards of right and wrong to decide behavior, Americans increasingly looked to each other. What were the three opinions about separate but equal? - - 1. Do not deprive anyone of property or deny the equal protection of the laws.
  1. There is a difference between political equality and social equality *If one race be inferior to the other socially, the constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane." Who said this, "Our constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. The humblest is the peer of the most powerful. The law regards man as man, and takes no account of his surroundings or of

understandings of freedom, government, and rights (like property). The 1960s Raise what Question? - - How Far Can Individualism Go? Moral Individualism? - - Freedom means being an independent self, unbound by prior moral ties and capable of choosing my ends (telos) for myself. Moral individualism has been at the heart of many important philosophical approaches, involving what 4 people? - - 1. Locke

  1. Kant
  2. Rawls
  3. Jerry Rubin pushes this to its extreme What 3 people resisted Moral individualism? -
      1. Aristotle
  4. Winthrop
  5. Sandel Role of Government in regards to Moral individualism? - - that government should be neutral among competing conceptions of the good.
  • The right is prior to the good. Who agrees with this,
  • Because we disagree about moral and religious questions, we should set certain lines of argument aside in our public debates.
  • This allows us to avoid coercing others. -
    • John Rawls and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism What are the 3 Categories of Moral Responsibility? - - 1. Natural duties: universal, don't require consent
    1. Voluntary obligations: particular, require consent
    2. Obligations of solidarity: particular, don't require consent Who would agree with this,
    • On this view, loyalty or patriotism is a sentiment or feeling that clouds our judgment.
    • Is solidarity (or loyalty or patriotism) merely a kind of prejudice? - - John Rawls and Kant What is solidarity? - -- Unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a common interest; Who said this, "Sometimes solidarity can give us special reason to criticize our own people or the actions of our government." - - Sandel Who said this, "It may not be possible, or even desirable, to deliberate about justice without deliberating about the good life." - - Sandel Who said this, "A politics emptied of substantive moral engagement makes for an impoverished civic life." - - Sandel What is objections from Rawls? - -- We are likely to disagree about many important moral issues.
    • Does an openness to moral and religious arguments mean accepting coercion and intolerance? Who said this? "[T]the public good, the real welfare of the great body of the people, is the

supreme object to be pursued; and ... no form of government whatever has any other value than as it may be fitted for the attainment of this object." - - James Madison Costs of liberty as moral individualism? - -

  1. Ignore a core aspect of our political heritage (community)
  2. Devalue ties that can bind us together
  3. Civic duty becomes less important, political participation may decline
  4. Set aside moral and religious commitments when entering the public square 3 Perils of Religious Thinking in Politics? -
      1. People disagree about moral values;
  5. Those disagreements are deeply rooted in incompatible world views;
  6. Because agreement is impossible, the best approach for the state is neutrality. 2 ideas on how the constitution was inspired? -
      1. The Constitution Is a Political Document (allows many different voices to be heard and prevents any one voice from holding all the power.)
  7. Politics Is a Team Sport, but There Are Good Ideas to Be Found on Both Sides According to President Kimball, The proper use of material resources is? - - To build the kingdom of God and bless the lives of others. Your proper role in the world? - - Be peacemakers, not warlike Antidotes to Coercion? - - 1. Moral individualist:
    • Take religion out of the public sphere
  8. LDS approach:
  • Live the gospel of Jesus Christ What can we take away from A-HTG? - - 1. An understanding of constitutional structures, principles, and values
  1. An appreciation for our history and heritage - both struggles and triumphs
  2. A willingness to engage with others in a spirit of civility and goodwill ‣ Even those with whom you disagree
  3. Public virtue ‣ The willingness to put the public good above self-interest Who said this, "If we are universally vicious and debauched in our manners, though the form of our Constitution carries the face of the most exalted freedom, we shall in reality be the most abject of slaves." - - Samuel Adams Who said this, "Is there no virtue among us? If there not be, we are in a wretched situation. No theoretical checks - no form of government - can render us secure." - - James Madison This statement best reflects what? Your vote is not likely to be the deciding ballot in any election, and yet democracy depends on you, collectively and individually - - Democracy's Paradox What does the SEC stand for and its role? - -- Securities and Exchange Commission
  • oversee the stock market. What does the NLRB stand for? - - National Labor Relations Board