Understanding Server Technologies, Communication Protocols, and SEO in Web Design, Schemes and Mind Maps of Web Design and Development

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UNIT-10 WEB DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

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HND- 42

GUSTO

University

Unit Number and Title: Unit-10 Web Design and Development Academic Year: 2022 Assignment Number: Assignment- 1 Student ID: PF Student Name: Aung Myo Thaw

LO1: Explain server technologies and management services associated with hosting and managing websites. P1 Identify the purpose and types of DNS, including explanations on how domain names are organized and managed. What is DNS? DNS is an essential part of the Internet. It manages to translate all the inquiries into IP addresses, and like this, it can identify different devices that are connected to the network. The Domain Name System (DNS) maps human-readable domain names (in URLs or in email address) to IP addresses. For example, DNS translates and maps the domain google.com to the IP address 8.8.8.8. Domain Name System (DNS) is a name resolution protocol that translates hostnames to IP addresses and vice versa. A DNS server is a host that runs the DNS service, and it is configured to do the translation for the user transparently by using TCP/UDP port 53. TCP port 53 is also used for DNS zone transfers. UDP 53 is used for DNS lookups and browsing. DNS is a hierarchical database where the data is structured in a tree, with the root domain (.) at the top, and various subdomains branch out from the root, much like the directory structure of a UNIX or Windows file system. Purpose of DNS Every device that is connected to the internet has its own IP address. DNS servers use name servers, which essentially act as a directory of IP addresses and domain names. These name servers also dictate how each domain name maps to an IP address. A single master name server would be massive and unwieldy, so there are tons of different name servers which store this information. Plus, domain names can each map to several IP addresses. So, when a human enters a web address, a DNS will match it with the IP address which computers can interpret. The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname into a computer-friendly IP address. For the web browser, the DNS lookup occurs "behind the scenes" and requires no interaction from the user’s computer apart from the initial request. Types of DNS Root server (also called a DNS root server or a root server for short) is responsible for fundamental functions when it comes to translating domain names into IP addresses: it answers client requests in the domain name system’s root zone (the root zone marks the largest layer in the DNS’ name space). Here, the root name server doesn’t execute the name resolution itself and instead informs the requesting client about which other name server (DNS server) it can obtain further information from regarding the desired IP address. It contains all the names and IP addresses of all the top-level domains (TLDs). This data belongs to an important function: the root server relies on this file if it names the name server that contains the necessary details of its request. But even if they only forward requests, root name servers are indispensable when it comes to name resolution. Without them, the DNS would not be able to function in its current form. A root server works on the domain name system’s root and is to some extent plays the most important role when it comes to registering and naming web addresses. Resolver also called a recursive resolver , is a server designed to receive DNS queries from web browsers and other applications. The resolver receives a hostname - for example, www.google.com

• and is responsible for tracking down the IP address for that hostname. Resolver might be operated

by the local network, an Internet Service Provider (IP), a mobile carrier, a WIFI network, or other third party. The resolver starts by looking in its local cache or that of the operating system on the local device - if the hostname is found, it is resolved immediately. If not found, the resolver contacts a DNS Root Server and receives details of a TLD Name Server. Via the TLD Name Server, it receives details of an Authoritative Name Server , and asks it for the IP that matches the requested hostname. When it receives the IP, the query is resolved. How domain names are organized and managed. Domain Names are host names that the Domain Name System (DNS), uses to identify and map to websites and other Internet Protocol (IP) resources. A good parallel would be to think of domain names as street names. Street names are important because they help people navigate. The IP addresses, on the other hand, are the geographical location of the streets themselves, The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system that helps users to find their way around the internet. Registering a domain name by using GoDaddy.com GoDaddy is also known as a web hosting provider, but we can also buy a domain name from them. Step 1: Look up a new domain name first. If we haven’t come up with a good name yet or are assessing different options, GoDaddy has a nice set of extra features to help us out. We can use the Bulk Domain search to check a bunch of domain ideas for eligibility in a click. Or we can play around with their free domain name generator to get some alternative suggestions if our primary choice is already taken. If we are running a small business, going into a heated negotiation with some cyber squatters may not be the best investment of our time and budgets. Wait out and see if the other person forgets to renew their domain or abandons it so that we could snatch it then. GoDaddy has a Domain Backordering service where we can reserve our place in line for a specific domain. If there’s more than one buyer, the domain goes on auction. Step 2: Once you’ve made your pick, grab all the TLDs you want to your basket and then select your renewals period (1 to 10 years). GoDaddy regularly runs different promos, so it’s easy to get a really affordable domain with them. Also, the annual rate includes:

• The ability to create up to 100 subdomains for your website.
• Basic privacy protection: your personal details will not be visible on WHOIS.
• For personal name domains: free forwarding to your Facebook, LinkedIn, or Twitter account.
• Real-time domain monitoring and security tools.
• Excellent customer support. Step 3: Once you’ve finished filling your cart with domains, click proceed to checkout. At the next screen, you’ll be given an option to pick some extra handy features such as:
• Extra domain privacy and security coverage.
• Free “Coming Soon” page.

specific type of communication to occur and dictating the content of the message sent during communication. Why communication protocol is important Communication protocols are important because they provide active participation in the signal sending, messaging, receiving and exchanging of different kinds of files and others. Communication protocols are mostly important for processing information from one device to another one. Protocols provide the rules by which a message may be sent over a computer network. Standards provide implementation criteria for data transfer, such as the technical and bandwidth specifications required. Protocols are not defined for operating systems, but they will be implemented by operating systems. Protocols provide the rules by which a message may be sent over a computer network. Standards provide implementation criteria for data transfer, such as the technical and bandwidth specifications required. Protocols are not defined for operating systems, but they will be implemented by operating systems. Protocols provide the rules by which a message may be sent over a computer network. Standards provide implementation criteria for data transfer, such as the technical and bandwidth specifications required. Protocols are not defined for operating systems, but they will be implemented by operating systems. Types of protocols There are various types of protocols that support a major and compassionate role in communicating with different devices across the network. There are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Internet Protocol (IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Post Office Protocol (POP), Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS), Telnet and Gopher. Among them I will going to explain the most popular and well-known types of protocols which are familiar with users. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the most widely used web communications protocol. If you look in the Address field of your web browser right now, it's likely you'll see "http://" at the front. HTTP is a classic "client-server" protocol. Users click a link on their web browser (the client), and the browser sends a request over the internet to a web server that houses the site the user requested. The server sends back the content of the site, such as text and images, which display in users' web browsers. HTTP is an unsecure communications protocol because the data it sends back and forth between a browser and a server is unencrypted and can be intercepted by third parties. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) HTTPS is similar to HTTP, but different in that it combines with a security protocol called SSL/TLS to provide secure client-server communications over unsecure networks such as the internet. You're

most likely to see HTTPS protocols on ecommerce websites that ask for personal financial information like credit card numbers. You know a website is using HTTPS protocols when you see the "https://" in the web address displayed in your browser's Address field. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) As the name implies, the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is primarily used to transfer files such as documents, images, music, etc., between remote computers. Users have to log on to an FTP server either through a command line interface or through one of the many FTP graphical client programs available. Once logged on, users can navigate through the remote server's file structure, moving, renaming, deleting, and copying files as if it were their own computer. Telnet Telnet is one of the oldest communication protocols. Like HTTP, a Telnet client is used to access remote servers. However, unlike HTTP, where you only request specific files, Telnet is used to actually log on to the remote server and perform functions as if you were sitting in front of the server terminal. Telnet is rarely used now since it is an unsecure protocol that does not encrypt data sent between remote computers. What kinds of protocols need to access website Most of the time, people browse the internet by using a web browser. A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. A web browser lets user’s computer to communicate with web servers around the world and giving them the right information’s with just a few clicks away. Different web browsers have different way of retrieving information’s, but one thing they have in common is web communication protocols. Web communication protocols are technology used to transfer information across the internet. For example, a web browser uses these protocols to request information from a web server, which is then displayed on the browser screen in the form of text and images. The degree to which users can interact with that information depends on the protocol. Purpose of communication protocols For any data transmission within a network, it is imperative to consider an effective protocol which defines certain rules, conventions or guidelines. It is with the help of such protocol; a secure communication can be established amongst different network nodes for the exchange of data. To explain further, protocols are defined as separate layers where each layer is specifically designed to perform a specific task. For a protocol specification, it is significant to specify its main operation which needs to be formed along with the technique using which protocol will function. The increasing need of a safe and secure data transmission has given rise to the importance to understand communication protocols. Moreover, the proper identification of the type and rules, allows the user or an organization to generate even better results. Also, the right understanding is important due to the variation in the types of communication protocols. The usage of communication protocols assures enhanced security to network communication among communicating network nodes. Different types of communication protocols define certain rules for establishing communication between two different network nodes. Communication protocols can be incorporated either in hardware or software elements and are mainly used in the digital communications for communication among the network nodes. What is Server Hardware

• 1GB disk space Web server hardware is the engine that allows users computer system access to the internet, specifically providing their computer with the ability to process commands using HTTPS, the language of the internet. Ideally, the hardware they purchase will support a quick and uninterrupted connection, provide them with satisfactory speeds and easy access to the web. Purpose of Web Server Software The end user processes a request via a web browser installed on a web server. The communication between a web server or browser and the end user takes place using HTTP. The primary role of web server software is to store, process, and deliver requested information or webpages to end users. When choosing a web server software, it also needs to considering the compatibility factor between software and hardware. We can communicate with web servs via URLs or domain name. The software layer does the processing and translation work. In this process, languages such as PHP, Ruby or Java are used to request a web page. The server then uploads all the requested files to its database and then send them to our browser. After receiving and confirming the request by the web server, the desired web page will be sent to us. If we don’t have the access to page, we will encounter an error message instead of receiving it. What is Web Server Software Web servers are software or hardware (or both together) that stores and delivers content to a web browser at a basic level. The servers communicate with browsers using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Web servers can also support SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol). Web servers are also used for hosting websites and data for web applications. They can host single websites and multiple websites using virtualization. The success of a website doesn’t just depend on its content and functionality but also the efficiency of the web server used to power it. This requires an understanding of a web server’s capabilities and limitations. Types of Web Server Software’s Apache HTTP Server Apache HTTP server is most popular on the web and used by millions of organizations worldwide. It is an open-source application developed by the Apache software foundation. It allows the users to install the software on any operating system such as windows, Linus, Unix, FreeBSD, MAC OS, and many more. It is estimated that more than 60% of the web server machines are run on the Apache Web Server alone. Lighttpd The Lighttpd is a free web server distributed with the FreeBSD operating system. It is highly secure, reliable, fast, and consumer-friendly. You can run the software on less CPU power and get the same output as the advanced server software offers. In addition, it is easy to install on many other operating systems and get the best output from the server. Sun Java System Web Server

The web server is designed to manage large-size websites. The service offers the services for free, but technically it is not shared as an open-source application. It supports Windows, Linux, Unix operating systems. Run almost all kinds of script and programming languages on the web server. Lite Speed Server Lightspeed server is known for the high speed and great performance while the data rendering and transfer on the web. It offers high stability to the application and reduces stress on the memory. The light-speed server is compatible with the Apache server. You can run the Lightspeed on apache without needing the change any programs or operating systems. Run both the application at the same time without the drop in the network. How Does a Web Server Software Work? The web browser program communicates with the web server using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It is the technology used to protect the client’s data and prevent it from leaking on the web. The content product on the web is encoded in the Hypertext markup language (HTML Web server focuses on delivering the stored files to the web browser when the user requests the query on the website. It uses various methods to process the data at speed and reduce the time it takes to pass the content from the security filter. When the web server receives a request for content for a web page, such as https:// www.google.com/index.html and maps that Uniform Resource Locator(URL) to a local file on the host server. In this case, the file index.html is somewhere on the host file system. The server then loads this file from disk and serves it out across the network to the user’s Web browser. This entire exchange is mediated by the browser and server talking to each other using HTTP. This workflow is shown in the figure below. Because this simple arrangement, which allows the serving of static content such as Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) and image files to a Web browser was the initial concept behind what we now call the World Wide Web. The beauty of its simplicity is that it has led to much more complex information exchanges being possible between browsers and Web servers. The most important expansion on this was the concept of dynamic content (i.e., Web pages created in response to a user’s input, whether directly or indirectly). The oldest and most used standard for doing this is Common Gateway Interface (CGI). This is a pretty meaningless name, but it basically defines how a Web server should run programs locally and transmit their output through the Web server to the user’s Web browser that is requesting the dynamic content. For all intents and purposes, the user’s Web browser never really has to know that the content is dynamic because CGI is basically a Web server extension protocol. The figure below shows what happens when a browser requests a page dynamically generated from a CGI program.

Types of the operating system:

• Batch Operating System: This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirements and groups them into batches.
• Time-sharing operating System: This type of operating system allows many users to share computer resources. (Max utilization of the resources).
• Distributed operating System: This type of operating system manages a group of different computers and makes appear to be a single computer.
• Network operating system: This type of operating system running on a server and provides the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.
• Real-time operating system: This type of operating system serves real time system and the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small. How to choose the right operating system for website An operating system is a system software program that distributes and manages the server's resources. It acts as a communication bridge between user's and computer's hardware hence, prioritizes user's request and programs. An operating system ensures that the user's content on the server does not interfere with other users. Operating System is one of the most important support systems for a server that ensures smooth processes. It is the foundational software on our server. While availing of the web hosting services, one of the major concerns is to choose the right operating system. Choose the right platform : Similar to the programs installed on our computer, the platform on which our site is developed also has compatibility with specific hosting features. For instance, if our website is built on PHP, we will require an operating system that is compatible with PHP. There are languages that are only compatible with specific OS so knowing your application, you can decide as to which OS to choose for its hosting. Operating systems Linux and Windows are compatible with multiple languages. So always keep in mind to opt for an operating system that is compatible with our website while selecting our hosting service. Choose the appropriate OS: Always know the prerequisites of our website in order to select the appropriate OS for hosting. Our choice of OS depends on the type of application that we are using. Whether our website is for small localized business or it would be streamed worldwide. All the factors are to be kept in mind before buying hosting services. Famous Operating Systems which are suitable for website Microsoft Windows : Microsoft has one of the best server operating systems for business websites. Microsoft Windows server is developed from Windows 10 OS and exhibits all the features required to build a server. It is easily available on the official Microsoft store and is easy to install. Also, Microsoft Windows Server is a cloud-ready operating system and offers a user-friendly interface. Ubuntu : Ubuntu OS is a user-friendly, secure, fast and cost-effective server. Ubuntu server supports most of the hardware and software available. Using an Ubuntu OS with an Ubuntu dedicated server enables more customization than a commercial-based operating system. CentOS : CentOS is another well-known server. It is based on Red Hat and is easy to install. Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server : Red Hat Enterprise Linux is of the leading software company across the world that is based in America. This server is the most widely used Linux distribution operating system that offers open-source software solutions to various industries worldwide.

MACOS : It is the proprietary operating system by Apple that supports iOS development. M1 Evaluate the impact of common web development technologies and frameworks with regards to website design, functionality and management. The impact of common web development technologies Many products have been launched in the online world in recent years, which are most popular these days. The product reviews with interactive graphics can help our business website to stay ahead in the cutthroat competitive world. With these advanced features and functionalities, we’ll leverage the perks for our website, which gives us business a huge profit. There are numerous updated changes available with the assistance of technology, the changes can work in the favor of web development requirements. Innovation web design is one of the latest trend brands in the digital world. As the transit of the years, the startups are focusing on fetching the user’s attention through innovative design. However, appealing designs have a high chance to get noticed by users. Visual design is now considered as the marketing strategy. Experts are now integrating motion UI into their web apps and websites. Motion user interface design has been the current market demand. Since the year 2018, the motion user interface has been widely accessible across the devices with the help of SaaS libraries technologies. Motion UI design makes the websites more interactive. The approach involves CSS transitions included with libraries and animated elements. Developers spend less time on building digital products, which eventually saves the price of web development. Types of common web development technologies: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP. HTML HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It’s one of the fundamental technologies required for web development. It provides the base structure for a web page. HTML code ensures that all the content on a website is properly formatted. This is so our Internet browser can display the content as intended. Without HTML, a browser couldn’t display text or load images and other elements. HTML5, the most current version of HTML, specifies a large number of Application Programming Interfaces (API integration services) that can be used with JavaScript for a more interactive and dynamic website: Canvas is an HTML5 element used to draw images and shapes and manipulate them. It can also be used for more complex cases such as game graphics and animations. Web Storage is used to store information right in the browser. Some examples of this would be storing user login information and saving user preferences for a website. Web Storage is used to store information right in the browser. Some examples of this would be storing user login information and saving user preferences for a website. Web Storage is used to store information right in the browser. Some examples of this would be storing user login information and saving user preferences for a website. Service workers enable a script that keeps running in the background when a web page is opened and is mainly used in websites with offline capabilities. It makes pages available offline and allows for the use of web push notifications. It can send these notifications even when our browser isn’t open. Functionality of HTML HTML is works with close and open tags which make them as element to create simple output in web browser. Think of HTML elements as the building blocks of a web page. Elements are defined by their opening and closing tags and can be nested within other elements. Web developers use elements to structure a web page into sections, headings, and other content blocks. In example, if the element is