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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title 10: Website Design & Development Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Student ID Class Assessor name Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Grading grid P P P P M M M D
and FTP (Krajacic, 2021). More about Web Server: Web server is frequently viewed as the most crucial part during developing and hosting the comprehence website. However, The expenditure cost of Web Server HardWare is so high for small business or individuals. There are some reasons why Web Server Hardware cost is so high: Servers hardware are intended to be higher in levels of reliable security, redundancy, and run under more severe conditions than client PCs, hence server-grade parts are constructed to potentially serious requirements. They will frequently have great features and ports, which will raise manufacture costs. One server serving for so many Clients. For example, because servers are normally intended to function 24 hours a day, we may switch out faulty components such as the power supply, hard disk, and RAM without having to shut down the server. Speaking of has failed, servers now have a plethora of early warnings if their hardware is experiencing issues. Associated costs of that server including: electricity, internet connections, a place to put it ( racks, secure rooms etc ), hiring people to look after the physical server ( hard drive failures, power etc ), hiring people to admin the server ( security patches, software upgrades etc) (Krajacic, 2021). Therefore, there are now so many server renting services available, which permit individuals, small business can rent to host their website. Internet Protocol(IP): A device on the internet or a local network is identified by its IP address, which is a unique address. The Internet Protocol (IP) is a collection of rules that regulate the format of data transferred over the internet or a local network. Anything connected to the internet - laptops, tablets, mobile phones, websites - has an Internet Protocol (IP) address. Your favorite website might have an IP address like 93.184.216.34, but this is obviously not easy to remember (Anon., 2021). This also lead to the establish of DNS.
II.
DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF DNS
DEFINITION: DNS stands for Domain Name System - A system for transforming alphabetic names to numeric IP addresses on the Internet to translate our domain names. It was created in 1983 at the University of California, Irvine. It is intended to be a distributed hierarchical system (Krajacic, 2021). Figure 2: DNS Image PURPOSE: It can handle the large volumes of requests required by the internet or a tiny private network. When a user types a Web address (URL) into a browser, DNS servers return the IP address of the Web server that corresponds to that name. The DNS translates the URL www.company.com into the IP address 204.0.8.51 in this made-up example. To retrieve the website without DNS, you'd have to type a series of four digits and dots into your browser, which you can do. Look at the IP address. It is a system that matches names with numbers like a phonebook does. III. When a client attempts to resolve google.com, it checks its DNS cache first. If it has it cached, it will show up. Simply type that address into your browser. If it doesn't, the lookup procedure will begin. DNS TYPES
IV.
HOW DNS WORKS
- How DNS are organised: DNS servers are arranged in a hierarchical structure and communicate via private network protocols. Each DNS server has a public IP address and a database of other Internet hosts' network names/addresses (Fielding, 2014). Process: Step 1: Requesting Website Information When you ask your computer to resolve a hostname, such as https://dyn.com, the procedure begins. Your computer's local DNS cache, which retains information that it has recently retrieved, is the first place it checks for the associated IP address (Mitchell, 2018). Step 2: Contact the Recursive DNS Servers In case the information is not kept locally, your computer queries (contacts) your internet service provider's recursive DNS servers (resolvers) (ISP). Step 3: Query the Authoritative DNS Servers In case the recursive servers are unable to find a solution, they contact the root name servers. A name server is a computer that responds to inquiries for domain names and IP addresses. The TLD name servers examine the next element of our request — www.dyn.com — and route our inquiry to the name servers for that domain. These authoritative name servers are in charge of knowing everything there is to know about a domain, which is kept in DNS records. There are many different types of records, each with its own set of data. Step 4: Access the DNS Record The recursive server obtains the dyn.com A record from the authoritative name servers and stores it in its local cache. If someone else asks for the dyn.com host record, the recursive server will already know the answer and won't have to go through the lookup procedure again. Every record has a timetolive value, which is similarly to an expiration date. To ensure that the information doesn't get out-of-date, the recursive server will need to request a new copy of the record after a while. Step 5: Final DNS Step. Recursive server returns the A record to your machine after receiving the answer. Your
computer saves the record in its cache, reads the IP address from it, and sends the data to your browser. After that, the browser establishes a connection with the web server and downloads the website. This entire process takes mere milliseconds to complete from start to end. The DNS root zone is at the very top of the hierarchy. ICANN allocates organizations to manage Top Level Domains (such as the com domain) and accredits registrars that purchase and maintain spaces inside these Top Level Domains on behalf of companies and individuals.
- How DNS are managed DNS manages its distributed database system through a hierarchy. The DNS hierarchy, commonly known as the domain name space, is similar to eDirectory in that it is an inverted tree structure. The root domain is the single domain at the top of the DNS tree structure. The root domain is denoted by a period or a dot (.). The root domain is denoted by a period or a dot (.). The top-level domains, which are below the root domain, divide the DNS hierarchy into segments. The top-level DNS domains and the types of organizations that use them are listed below. The domain name space is further divided into subdomains that represent individual organizations below the top-level domains (Mitchell, 2018). C. EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS, SERVER HARDWARE, OPERATING SYSTEMS AND WEB SERVER OFTWARE WITH REGARDS TO DESIGNING, PUBLISHING AND ACCESSING A WEBSITE(P2). I. COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS Definition: Communication protocols are texual explanations of the formats and rules of digital Conmunicate between every PCs on Internet. They are essential in telecommunications to exchange messages within or between computing systems. Authentication, error detection and correction, and signaling are all covered by communications protocols (Mitchell, 2018). Purpose: Authentication, error detection and correction, and signaling are all covered by communications protocols. characterizing analog and digital communications' syntax, semantics, and synchronization.
multimedia files, text files, and documents, among others, are examples of file types (W3schools, 2017). Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP is a protocol for exchanging hypertext between two or more systems. Links are created using HTML tags. These links can take any form, including text and graphics. HTTP is based on client-server concepts, allowing a client system to connect to a server machine in order to send a request. The server acknowledges the client's request and responds as appropriate. o HTTP convention: HTTP requests: A client sends an HTTP request to a specific host, which is located on a server. The request's goal is to gain access to a server resource. HTTP responses: A server sends an HTTP response to a client. The response's goal is to either supply the client with the resource they requested, or to alert them that the action they asked was completed, or to inform them that an error occurred while processing their request. o Apache is a general-purpose HTTP server developed by the Apache HTTP Server Project with the goal of creating and maintaining an open-source HTTP server for modern operating systems such as UNIX and Windows NT. o Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) - Microsoft's Web server that provides Web application infrastructure for Windows Server; the IIS 6.0 release is the most recent version (Fielding, 2014). o Novell's Web Server – is a Web server for NetWare customers; the most recent release is the NetWare Enterprise Web Server, which comes included with NetWare 6 (Mitchell, 2018). o There are some HTTP request methods: GET: The GET method requests a representation of the specified resource. Requests using GET should only retrieve data.
HEAD: The HEAD method asks for a response identical to a GET request, but without the response body. POST: The POST method submits an entity to the specified resource, often causing a change in state or side effects on the server. II. PUT: The PUT method replaces all current representations of the target resource with the request payload. DELETE: The DELETE method deletes the specified resource. CONNECT: The CONNECT method establishes a tunnel to the server identified by the target resource. WEB SERVER HARDWARE: Server Hardware refers to the computer hardware provided by Central Square upon which Licensed Software has been installed and which operates in a local area network and runs administrative system that controls direct exposure to all or part of the network and its resources and tends to make such resources available to computers acting as network workstations (Anon., 2018). III. WEB SERVER SOFTWARE: Server software is software that is intended to be executed, managed, and used on a computer server. It allows and simplifies the use of underlying server computing capacity for a variety of high-end computing services and functions. Server software is designed to connect with the physical infrastructure of a server, which
operating system while maintaining hardware isolation. Of course, there's more to it than that. The OS communicates with the kernel through device drivers, which deliver "commands" to the hardware to do the tasks you desire. web servers Software: It is installed and operates on a computer - the server acts as a Web Server, allowing users to access Web site information from any computer connected to the network (internet, intranet). The HTTP protocol allows Web servers to send Web clients across the Internet (or Intranet). with data transmission rates of OC-3 or faster, and any computer can be used as a web server until it connects to the internet. It is a program that uses HTTP to serve files from web pages to users, and it consists of a physical server, server operating system, and software that facilitates HTTP communication. D. EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF COMMON WEB DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND FRAMEWORKS WITH REGARDS TO WEBSITE DESIGN, FUNCTIONALITY AND MANAGEMENT(M1). I. Web Application Technologies and Frameworks Web application development has become an inevitable need for businesses of all types and sizes, regardless of their value proposition. Therefore, there are commonly availables technologies to develop a web such as CSS, HTML, JS which is view as foundation of modern web development (Aasif, 2021). Figure 3: WEB technologies and framwork image However, just developing the web using only pure technologies such as CSS, HTML, JS will take a lot of time and effort, and it will be difficult to satisfy users, customers and businesses because of their minimalisation. That said, there are several ways to develop a web application, the most popular one being, ‘the use of frameworks.’ Frameworks have become an essential component of the web development world as the level of online applications has risen and the complexity of technology has increased. Instead of recreating the wheel, endorsing in frameworks is a logical strategy. Frameworks assist programmers in creating sophisticated, interactive programs (Nick, 2020). Now, there are multiple web development useful technologies and frameworks that are available for web developers: Angular JS: It is essentially a JavaScript open-source framework that can help you make single web-page applications using an MVC (Model-Controller-View) architectural pattern.
React.js: An open-source JavaScript library, React.js is maintained by Facebook while being supported by a massive community of react developers. Though it is an e-commerce website development tool, React.js is particularly useful in the development of user interface for the website applications. Node.JS: When it comes to creating a lightweight, yet extremely efficient website, Node.js is unquestionably the best option. It's amazing how well it works with real-time applications that process a large volume of data across multiple dispersed devices. jQuery: This one is more of a JavaScript library that is aimed to make traversing and manipulating the HTML DOM tree, as well as event handling, CSS animation, and Ajax, easier. jQuery enables developers to create plugins on top of the JavaScript library. Laravel: Laravel is a famous PHP Framework for Web Artists that allows you to construct a website without worrying about the tiny details. Bootstrap: the most popular CSS framework for responsive and mobile-first websites, an open source toolkit for developing with HTML, CSS, and JS. Frameworks are used to create both backend and frontend applications. These frameworks primarily facilitate the construction of web apps, websites, and APIs. You might think of them as libraries that make it easier to create web apps quickly and easily. Developers are constantly on the lookout for service providers who are up to date on the latest web development technologies. If you're looking for a framework to support your business, we'll help you shortlist the best options available. FOR , we've put together a list of the finest front-end and back-end web development technologies and frameworks: W3CSS, Boostraps, Jquery II. EVALUATION THE IMPACT OF WEB TECHNOLOGIES AND FRAMWORKS Advantaged Impact of Technologies, framworks: o Frameworks are simple representations of a programming language that are simple to learn and use and get the job done quickly (Nick, 2020). o The majority of popular frameworks are free and open-source (or available to use for free). They frequently come with non-restrictive licensing that allows you to create a commercial product. o The framework provides decent documentation and support in most circumstances of Web development. It's worth noting that "good support" can be a touchy subject at times. Paid assistance is nearly
framework, though. Frameworks, on the other hand, vary in terms of functionality, usability, and performance (Anon., 2018). E. REVIEW THE INFLUENCE OF SEARCH ENGINES ON WEBSITE PERFORMANCE AND PROVIDE EVIDENCE-BASED SUPPORT FOR IMPROVING A SITE’S INDEX VALUE AND RANK THROUGH SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION(M2). I. Definition of Search Engine Definition: A search engine is Internet-based software that searches a database of information for answers to a user's query. The engine returns a list of results that best fit the user's search criteria. All search engine data is gathered using a crawler that visits and collects information from each page on the Internet. The data on a page is processed and indexed once it has been crawled. This frequently entails the steps outlined below. o o o o Remove all stop words. Make a list of the remaining terms on the page, as well as the frequency with which they appear. Make a list of other pages' links. Make a note of any images, audio, or embedded media that appear on the page. II. o A lot of factors are used to rank search results. Keyword density, speed, and linkages are examples of these factors. The goal of the search engine is to offer the most relevant result to the user. Review the Influence of Search Engines on Website Performance More than half of all visitors and users come to websites via a search engine (Introna and Nissenbaum 2000), and most of them say they always or almost always find the information they are looking for when using search engines. Search engines gradually have been becoming a crucial channel for enhancing global reach as well as competing with larger companies. The webpage could be one of the first few results returned from a related search engine query by using Search engines. This refers to information that is readily available and accessible to a certain audience. That's a boost in exposure, which means more people will visit our website. Search engine optimization improve its ranking in the search engine result page, which is
possessed of small business which cannot afford other marketing channels to enhance their business visibility. It is indicated that some companies whose websites appear on the top of Search Engine Results Page all applied SEO well (iProspect, 2006). Many experts in this field claimed that search engines are no longer only useful information tools, but also significant agents of change in the business world, making it more transparent and competitive through SEO contributes directly to new customer acquisition (Hansell, 2007). III. The Evidence-based Support for Improving a Site’s Index Value and Rank Through Search Engine Optimisation
- Make Research Keywords Well: High results page ranks aren't always guaranteed by powerful and well-chosen appropriate Keywords. They can, however, make you incredibly competitive for a top spot in search results(Hansell, 2007). Starting the site's name with Keywords, every aspect of your site can help the website improve its search exposure. Because if users search different theme, it will customize the title and tagline in the Appearance page, which are both searchable. If the website's domain name doesn't contain Keywords or a description of its site, adding keywords wherever possible in these two lines might assist make web's site more search friendly. So, it would be necessary for independently testing each keyword's performance on Google. This impartial audit will only take a few time, but it will help find the possibility for more high- performing keywords.
- Maximize the Website: One of the finest SEO options is to optimize your website in order to maximize the effectiveness of your SEO strategy. Visitors can still quit your site if they aren't impressed, no matter how efficient your SEO marketing is. In fact, if your site isn't user-friendly and captivating from the start, you'll have a high bounce rate. Make sure your website is mobile-friendly to get the most out of your SEO efforts. This ensures that anyone may visit your site and view its content comfortably on any screen (Anon., 2019). This is critical since many users will do business-related searches on their mobile devices. It should also be simple to navigate your website. Menu tabs should be visible and distinct. Ensure that users can quickly access the most critical information, such as contact information, product options, and FAQ pages (Barnard, 2020). Finally, make sure that none of web's material contains any grammatical or spelling issues.
TECHNOLOGIES AND EXPLAIN HOW THESE RELATE TO PRESENTATION AND
APPLICATION LAYERS(P3).
Figure 4: Back-end and Front-end image Web 1.0 or Static Web(contains simple HTML pages and supporting files (e.g., Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), JavaScript (JS)) was too obsolete because it Don't Adapt to Update New Information lead to disconnected from web presence, make Static Websites Are User-Blind and just are Based on Assumptions. And Web 2.0 or Dynamic Web with the constitution of both back-end and front-end development are dominating the Web-commerce. An appropriate metaphor for differentiating between backend vs frontend development would be a stage play. The frontend is what the audience sees, including the set and the actors, while the backend is the crew behind the curtains operating the lights and soundboard (Wales, 2020). I. Front-End
- Definition Website's frontend is everything with which the user interacts. The frontend is synonymous with the user interface from the user's perspective. The interface design and code are what make the interface work from a developer's perspective. The backend, on the other hand, includes functions and data processing that occur behind the scenes. The creation of a smooth or "frictionless" user experience is one of the key goals of frontend development. In other words, an application's or website's front end should be simple and intuitive to use. While this may appear to be a simple goal, it can be unexpectedly difficult to achieve because not all people or devices are created equal. A mobile app, for example, requires a very different frontend than a desktop application. Websites must function properly across a variety of devices and screen sizes, which is why responsive design is so common in current web development (Wales, 2020). Examples of frontend elements include: o o o o o o o application or page layout
graphics audio and video elements text content user interface elements (buttons, links, toolbars, navigation bars, etc.) input areas (dialog boxes), form fields, text areas, etc.) user flow (how one interface leads to the next) user preferences, themes, and customizations
- Front End Technologies: JavaScript For the past quarter-century, JavaScript has been around. Because of its dynamic characteristics, the programming language is well-known for transforming the web. Content that is dynamic is subject to change, whereas static content is immovable. The web as a whole was static prior to the introduction of JavaScript. A web page was nothing more than a block of text. Then came JavaScript, which allowed for interactivity such as scrolling, clicking, and much more. JavaScript is now utilized on nearly all websites and serves as the foundation for numerous front-end frameworks, many of which will be briefly discussed today. HTML The HyperText Markup Language (HTML), together with JavaScript and CSS, is a key component of the web. Its primary goal is to structure text, which is accomplished via preparing documents for web display. HTML5, which was published in 2014, allowed HTML to include multimedia components like as video and audio natively. This development effectively eliminated the requirement for Adobe Flash Player and other comparable plug-ins. HTML is included in every web page since it is required for teaching a web browser on how to display text, graphics, and other content on a webpage. CSS CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets and describes how a document is styled and presented. CSS, for example, is used to govern the visual details of a web page in any HTML text.
