Anatomy and Physiology Tests, Summaries of Anatomy

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Wayzata Science Olympiad 2023

Anatomy and Physiology

Division B/C

Digestive, Respiratory, Immune

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Digestive System:

1. Food is pushed through the digestive system by a series of wave-like motions called ________? a. Motility b. Peristalsis c. Catabolism d. Anabolism
2. Which of these involves specific enzymes to break chemical bonds to change larger complex molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed? a. Chemical Digestion b. Mechanical Digestion c. Ingestion d. Mastication
3. What involves both passive movement and active transport of digested molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph? a. Secretion b. Digestion c. Mechanical Digestion d. Absorption
4. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the __________ , whereas chemical digestion of protein begins in the _________. a. Liver, Small Intestine b. Small Intestine, Stomach c. Mouth, Stomach d. Mouth, Small Intestine e. Stomach, Small Intestine

1. Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine? a. It has villi b. It has no absorptive function c. It is a site for acid neutralization d. It contains a large number of bacteria e. It is longer than the small intestine
2. The final product of carbohydrate digestion is ________. a. Monosaccharides b. Disaccharides c. Polysaccharides d. Glycogen
3. Each of the following organs are a part of the digestive tract except the _______. a. Stomach b. Pharynx c. Esophagus d. Bladder e. Colon
4. ________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity. a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four e. Five
5. Chewing is called _______. a. Deglutination b. Defecation c. Mastication d. Ingestion

Liver Pancreas Gallbladder Esophagus Appendix Cecum Ascending Colon Transverse Colon Descending Colon Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Rectum Stomach Anus

1. The respiratory anatomy of infants and children differs from that of adults in several ways, including that: a. A child's airway is less easily obstructed, because it is more flexible b. Infants and children do not rely on the diaphragm for breathing as much as adults c. The tongue of an infant takes up proportionally more space in the pharynx than does the tongue of an adult d. The trachea of a child is more rigid, requiring more care to be taken when applying a C-collar
2. What is the function of the cilia found in the respiratory system function? a. Bring air into the lungs b. Initiate the coughing reflex c. Force air out of the lungs d. Move mucus towards the glottis
3. For a cell surface to be a respiratory cell surface, it must be ________? a. Thick, dry, and covered with hair b. Moist and glandular c. Expansive d. Thin and moist e. Internal
4. Where does gas exchange occur in the human respiratory system? a. Bronchi b. Alveoli c. Trachea d. Epiglottis
5. Cilia are chunks of tissue that capture mucus. a. True b. False

1. When the glottis becomes narrower ____________. a. The pitch of sound goes up b. The pitch of sound goes down c. Sound ceases completely d. The volume increases e. The volume decreases
2. The amount of air that moves in and out with each breath is called the _____. a. Vital capacity b. Tidal Volume c. Residual Volume d. Reserve Volume
3. Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous because ____________. a. Air is warmed on inhalation b. Air is humidified on inhalation c. Heat loss is reduced on exhalation d. Water loss is reduced on exhalation e. All of the above
4. Both lungs are of equal volume. a. True b. False
5. Every 10mL of blood in the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ______ mL of oxygen. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 5 e. 7.

Immune System:

1. Vaccination stimulates immunity. a. Natural Active b. Artificial Active c. Natural Passive d. Artificial Passive e. Nonspecific
2. ______________ participate in both nonspecific resistance and immune response. a. Memory T cell b. Regulatory T cells c. Natural Killer cells d. Helper T cells e. Cytotoxic T cells
3. Which is an immune system disorder? a. Allergies b. Strep Throat c. Influenza d. Athlete's Foot
4. The immune system's nonspecific response to foreign substances is a. amputation b. Cell mediated response c. Inflammation d. Vasoconstriction
5. How does the HIV virus cripple the immune system? a. It destroys T cells. b. It destroys H cells. c. It increases T cells. d. It increases B cells.

1. The following are all autoimmune diseases except _____. a. Myasthenia Gravis b. Multiple Sclerosis c. Anaphylaxis d. Rheumatoid Arthritis
2. These cells are involved in humoral immunity a. B Cells b. T Cells c. APC Cells d. Erythrocytes
3. The final stage of inflammatory response is a. Opsonization b. Tissue Repair c. Deflation d. Inflammation
4. The following are all involved in the second line of defense except ______. a. Natural Killer Cells b. Phagocytes c. Neutrophils d. Fever
5. What is a normal protein or a complex of normal proteins recognized as foreign by the immune system in a patient suffering from an autoimmune disease? a. Antibody b. Antigen c. Autoantigen d. Tumor Antigen