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Anatomy - Ch 3, 4, & 6 Questions
squamous cell description - ANS thin, flat, scaly cuboidal cell description - ANS squarish-looking columnar cell description - ANS taller than wide polygonal cell description - ANS irregular angular shapes, multiple sides fusiform cell description - ANS thick in middle, tapered at ends fibrous cell description - ANS long, thin fibers/threads squamous- - ANS scale-like poly- - ANS many goal- - ANS angle stellate- - ANS star-like spheroid to ovoid- - ANS sphere-like discoid- - ANS disc-like fusiform- - ANS spindle shape plasma (cell) membrane - ANS surrounds cell, defines boundaries; made of proteins and lipids
cytoplasm - ANS cytosol (intracellular fluid or ICF); organelles; cytoskeleton; inclusions (stored or foreign particles) extracellular fluid (ECF) - ANS all bodily fluid outside of cell membrane tissue (interstitial) fluid - ANS same as "ground substance"; included in extracellular fluid (ECF) vascular fluid - ANS plasma; included in extracellular fluid (ECF) lymphatic fluid - ANS lymph; included in extracellular fluid (ECF) cerebrospinal fluid - ANS CSF; included in extracellular fluid (ECF) extra-/exo- - ANS outside plasma membrane description - ANS outer boundary of the cell; has intracellular and extracellular faces; the "filter" what does plasma membrane look like when viewed with an electron microscope? - ANS dark parallel lines; parallel lines = phospholipid bilayer intra- - ANS within functions of plasma membrane - ANS defines outer cell boundaries and most organelles within cells; governs interactions with other cells; controls passage of materials in and out of cell what percentage of membrane molecules are lipids? - ANS 98% what percentage of lipid membrane molecules are phospholipids? - ANS 75% phospholipids description - ANS amphipathic/amphiphilic molecules arranged in a bilayer; amphipathic nature causes membrane to "self-seal" if broken
what percentage of molecules are membrane proteins? - ANS 2% what percentage of the weight of membrane are membrane proteins? - ANS 50% integral proteins description - ANS integrate into membrane; "transmembrane" proteins pass completely through trans- - ANS across what do the hydrophilic regions of integral proteins do? - ANS contact cytoplasm and extracellular fluid what do the hydrophobic regions of integral proteins do? - ANS pass through lipid of membrane peripheral proteins description - ANS adhere to one face of the membrane (do not penetrate it); usually tethered to the cytoskeleton receptors description - ANS bind/"receive" chemical signals; cell-to-cell communication what does a chemical act as in cell-to-cell communication? - ANS "first messenger" "first messenger" description - ANS often hydrophilic and cannot pass through membrane; gives its message to the receptor protein second messenger systems description - ANS proteins that pass along the message of the "first messenger" where are peripheral proteins located in second messenger systems? - ANS intracellular face of membrane inter- - ANS between
function of second messenger systems - ANS convert the intercellular message to an intracellular message enzymes description - ANS catalyze reactions including digestion of molecules, production of second messengers, break down chemical messengers so they stop signaling channel proteins description - ANS allow hydrophilic solutes and water to pass through membrane; some are open, some are gated ligand-gated channels (channel protein) description - ANS open in response to chemical messengers voltage-gated channels (channel protein) description - ANS respond to changes in membrane potential mechanically-gated channels (channel protein) description - ANS respond to physical stress or stretch on cell what is crucial to nerve and muscle function? - ANS channel proteins carriers (membrane protein) description - ANS similar to channels, but they bind solutes and change shape in order to transfer them across membrane cell-identity markers (membrane protein) description - ANS part of gycocalyx; glycoproteins acting as identification tags cell-adhesion molecules (membrane protein) description - ANS mechanically link cell to extracellular matrix or to other cells what does the receptor activate in a second-messenger system? - ANS G protein G protein (in second-messenger system) description - ANS intracellular peripheral protein where do G proteins get energy from? - ANS guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
what can cilia act as? - ANS "antennae" to monitor environment, or receptors (hearing, smell) what does "motile" cilia do? - ANS moves substances across surface of an epithelium cilium- - ANS eyelash flagella description - ANS largest extension of pm flagellum- - ANS whip where is flagella found? - ANS many bacteria what is flagella for? - ANS movement of a cell where is the only functioning flagellum in hum ANS found? - ANS gametes (sperm) cell what do actin filaments of microvilli do? - ANS draw down into cell, "milking" what microvilli have absorbed what is celiac disease also known as? - ANS "gluten-sensitive enteropathy" entero- - ANS intestine pathos- - ANS disease who does celiac disease affect? - ANS one of the most common genetic disorders affecting persons on all continents what type of disorder is celiac disease? - ANS "autoimmune" what is celiac disease triggered by? - ANS gluten proteins (primarily in wheat, barley, rye; sometimes spelt, durum and rarely oats)
what does inappropriate immune response to gluten cause? (celiac disease) - ANS intense inflammation, destroying microvilli in intestines symptoms of celiac disease include: - ANS diarrhea; failure to thrive in infancy/childhood, pain in adults; signs of malabsorption treatment for celiac disease - ANS following a gluten-free diet where is motile cilia found? - ANS respiratory tract, uterine tubes, ventricles of brain, ducts of testes how many motile cilia are on each cell? - ANS 50- movement of cilia - ANS beat in waves sweeping material across a surface in one direction "power strokes" (cilia) - ANS bending "recovery strokes" (cilia) - ANS straightening axoneme description - ANS structural core of motile cilium axo- - ANS axis -neme - ANS thread what is the structure of microtubules in an axoneme? - ANS 2 in core, surrounded by 9 pairs (9 + 2) what does the ring of 9 pairs of microtubules do in the axoneme? - ANS anchors cilium to cell as part of basal body (a centriole) what do dynein arms do in axoneme? - ANS "crawl" up adjacent microtubule, bending the cilium
what substances can freely cross plasma membrane? - ANS most nonpolar, fat-soluble (hydrophobic) substances what are some examples of substances that can freely cross plasma membrane? - ANS alcohol, O2, CO what substances require assistance to cross plasma membrane? - ANS most polar molecules and ions (charged; hydrophilic) can large substances freely cross plasma membrane or do they require assistance? - ANS require assistance does water freely cross plasma membrane or does it require assistance? - ANS may require assistance passive transport method (membrane transport) description - ANS require no use of ATP by the cell do substances move up or down their gradient in passive transport? - ANS down active transport (membrane transport) description - ANS require ATP to be consumed do substances move up or down their gradient in active transport? - ANS up or require assistance by cell methods of passive transport - ANS filtration, diffusion, osmosis methods of active transport - ANS "primary" and "secondary" methods, vesicular transport vesicular "bulk" transport description - ANS when transporting large substances or many substances at once; uses ATP what do carrier-mediated transport methods use in a cell membrane to transport substances across to other side? - ANS carrier protein
are carrier-mediated transport methods active or passive? - ANS can be either filtration description - ANS a physical pressure drives a solution through a membrane solution being driven through a membrane in filtration - ANS solvent and dissolved solutes capillary filtration description - ANS water and nutrients move out of the capillaries and into tissues; beginning of urine formation in kidneys simple diffusion description - ANS movement of particles from a place of high concentration to place of lower concentration do substances diffuse up or down their gradient in simple diffusion? - ANS down their gradient simple diffusion does not... - ANS require a membrane substance can diffuse through a membrane in simple diffusion if... - ANS membrane is permeable to the substance osmosis description - ANS flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane in osmosis, water goes from ___ to ___ concentration - ANS high; low osmo- - ANS push, thrust -sis - ANS process what do solute particles do that cannot pass through the membrane in osmosis? - ANS "draw" or "pull" water from the other side osmosis is a crucial consideration for... - ANS IV fluids
tonicity description - ANS tension/effect that impermeable solutes have on cells, due to their pull of H2O across a membrane ton- - ANS tone, tension tonicity is the ability of a surrounding solution (bath) to affect what in a cell? - ANS fluid volume and pressure what does tonicity cause? - ANS water movement/osmosis hypotonic solution description - ANS causes cell to absorb water and swell what can a hypotonic solution possibly lead to? - ANS lysis hypo- - ANS under, below lyso- - ANS cut, break, dissolve in a hypotonic solution, ECF has a ___ ___ than intracellular fluid (ICF) - ANS lower osmolality what is an extreme example of a hypotonic solution? - ANS distilled water hypertonic solution description - ANS causes cell to lose water when a hypertonic solution causes a cell to lose water and dehydrate and shrivel, this is also known as... - ANS crenation in a hypertonic solution, the ECF has a ___ ___ than intracellular fluid (ICF) - ANS higher osmolality isotonic solution description - ANS causes no change in cell volume
in an isotonic solution, the ECF is ___ ___ as the ICF - ANS the same what is an example of an isotonic solution? - ANS normal saline (0.9% NaCl) failure to give the correct IV solution as well as some diseases affecting electrolyte balance can lead to... - ANS crenation or lysis what quickly plugs capillaries in organs, leading to organ failure? - ANS RBC fragments (due to lysis) and crenated cells carrier-mediated transport description - ANS uses transport proteins in membrane to carry solutes into or out of cell (or organelle) what are transport proteins specific to? - ANS the solute in carrier-mediated transport, what binds to the receptor site on the carrier protein? - ANS solute (ligand) in carrier-mediated transport, how is the solute released? - ANS unchanged on other side of membrane methods of carrier-mediated transport - ANS facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, secondary active transport in what method(s) of carrier-mediated transport is ATP consumed? - ANS primary active transport and secondary active transport in what method(s) of carrier-mediated transport is ATP not consumed? - ANS facilitated diffusion (passive) how does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion? - ANS solute movement is helped by carrier protein primary active transport description - ANS carrier moves solute through a membrane up its gradient
in the kidneys, the sodium-glucose transporter opens and carries what? and in what direction? - ANS sodium down its gradient in the kidneys, what does glucose do in the sodium-glucose transporter? - ANS "hitches a ride" what does the sodium-glucose transporter in the kidneys depend on? - ANS primary active transport performed by the Na+-K+ pump what does vesicular "bulk" transport use to transport? - ANS vesicles endocytosis description - ANS vesicles bring material into cell endo- - ANS within vesicles description - ANS bubble-like enclosures of membrane phagocytosis description (endocytosis) - ANS "cell eating", engulfing large particles or cells; "the hug of death" pinocytosis description (endocytosis) - ANS "cell drinking", taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful to the cell; a cell can sample the environment what happens to the cell during pinocytosis? - ANS membrane caves in, then pinches off pinocytic vesicle what happens to the cell during receptor-mediated endocytosis? - ANS clathrin-coated vesicle brings particles into cell receptor-mediated endocytosis description - ANS particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane; more specific than pinocytosis exocytosis description - ANS discharging material from the cell
what does clathrin act as in receptor-mediated endocytosis? - ANS an "address label" what does receptor-mediated endocytosis do with LDL? - ANS brings into cells and removes from the blood what is receptor-mediated endocytosis used by to infect cells? - ANS viruses cytoskeleton description - ANS a "scaffolding" network of protein filaments and cylinders the cytoskeleton determines what of the cell? - ANS cell shape the cytoskeleton acts as a what in the cell? - ANS skeleton to support structure what does the cytoskeleton help move? - ANS the cell as a whole what does the cytoskeleton organize? - ANS cell contents what does the cytoskeleton direct within the cell? - ANS movement of materials microfilaments/"thin" filaments function - ANS cell movement; anchors plasma membrane; forms microvilli what is are microfilaments made of? - ANS actin how thick are microfilaments? - ANS 6nm intermediate filaments function - ANS give cell shape; resist stress; give strength to hair, nails what type of filament is found within skin cells? - ANS intermediate filaments what type of protein are intermediate filaments made of? - ANS keratin
microtubules form the what during cell division? - ANS "mitotic spindle" mitotic spindle description - ANS binds to chromosomes and moves them into their new home (cell) organelle- - ANS little organ organelle description - ANS internal structures of a cell, carry out specialized metabolic tasks what are membranous organelles enclosed in? - ANS phospholipid bilayer which organelles are membranous? - ANS nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi complex which organelles are non membranous? - ANS ribosomes, centrioles, basal bodies nucleus description - ANS largest organelle most cells have how many nuclei? - ANS one a few cell types are ___ or ___ - ANS anuclear (RBCs) or multinucleate (skeletal muscle fibers) nucleoplasm description - ANS material inside nucleus what does the nucleoplasm contain? - ANS chromatin and nucleoli chromatin description - ANS thread-like DNA wound around proteins nucleoli (sing. nucleolus) - ANS masses where ribosomes are produced membrane of nucleus - ANS nuclear envelope
nuclear envelope description - ANS keeps DNA isolated, protected perforations in nuclear envelope - ANS nuclear pores what do nuclear pores regulate? - ANS traffic through envelope what is held together by the nuclear pores? - ANS the two membrane layers plasm- - ANS form, mold reticulum- - ANS little network endoplasmic reticulum description - ANS system of channels enclosed by membrane rough endoplasmic reticulum description - ANS covered with ribosomes what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum continuous with? - ANS outer membrane of nuclear envelope what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum produce? - ANS proteins of the plasmic reticulum the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins that are... - ANS packaged in other organelles or secreted from cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum description - ANS lacks ribosomes what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesize? - ANS steroids and membrane lipids what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum detoxify? - ANS alcohol and other drugs what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum store? - ANS intracellular calcium
