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SKELETAL SYSTEM
INTERACTION OF SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR
SYSTEMS
- Together allow movement
- Ligament attach bone to bone
- Tendon attach muscle to bone
- Muscles contract to move skeleton
Muscle Functions
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
Support & shape to body Protection of internal organs Movement in union with muscles Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & lipids Blood cell production (red marrow storage) Storage of energy rich tissues (yellow marrow) SKELETON ( 206 Bones) Axial : (80 bones) skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone Appendicular : (126 bones) upper & lower extremities, two girdles
BONE TYPES
- Long bones : longer than they are wide; shaft & 2 ends (bones of arms & legs, except wrist, ankle & patella)
- Short bones : roughly cube-shaped (ankle & wrist bones) - Sesamoid bones : short bones within tendons (patella)
- Flat bones : thin, flat & often curved (sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skull bones) - Irregular bones : odd shapes; don't fit into other classes (hip bones & vertebrae)
VERTEBRAE
- Cervical (7) : C1 is Atlas supports head C2 is Axis pivots to turn head Axis Atlas
- Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5)
JOINT TYPES
Ball & Socket : complete range of motion, shoulder, hip Pivot: one bone pivots in the arch of other, Axis/Atlas, proximal radioulnar joint Saddle: 2 directional movement between thumb and trapez carpel Hinge: door hinge, bending & extending, elbow, knee, finger joints Ellipsoid , side to side, back & forth, radius end into carpal bones Plane/Gliding: side to side only, intercarpal & intertarsal joints, between vertebrae
LONG BONE CELLULAR STRUCTURE
- Compact (dense, cortical) Bone (80% skeleton mass): hard outer layer, min gaps, and smooth, white, solid.
- Spongy Bone (20% mass) : bone interior, rod and plane like elements, lighter, room for blood vessels and marrow. - Cartilage
BONE CELLS
Osteoblasts – bone forming cells, found in areas of high metabolism (bone surface), secrete extracellular bone substance Osteocytes – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. Secrete enzymes and control mineral content; control calcium release. Bone lining cells - made from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones in an adult. Regulate movement of calcium and phosphate Osteogenic cells - respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells Osteoclasts – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling
BONE MARROW
Red Bone Marrow : form blood cells, red/white/platelets ( hematopoiesis ). In infants, found in bone cavities, by age it gets replaced by yellow marrow. In adults, red marrow is limited to the spongy bone in the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, pelvis.
CARTILAGE
Mostly water; no blood vessels or nerves, Tough, resilient, New cartilage forms from chondroblasts, Heal poorly
- Hyaline Cartilages : fine collagen fiber matrix- most abundant type- found in articular (movable joint), costal (connect ribs tosternum), respiratory (in larynx & upper ) & nasal cartilages
- Elastic Cartilages : similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic fibers (very flexible) – found in external ear & epiglottis (larynx covering)
- Fibrocartilage : rows of chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers; highly compressible with great tensile strength- found in menisci of knee, intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis
BONE FRACTURES
BONE REPAIR PROCESS
Injury – broken blood vessels, hematoma Invasion of blood vessels & generalized cells (2-3 days) Fibroblasts develop (1 week) Chondroblasts develop Callus forms (4 weeks) Remodeling with osteoclasts (8 weeks)
SKELETAL DISORDERS
Spinal Stenosis -narrowing of the spinal column Achondroplasia -Defect in the formation of cartilate at the epiphysis of long bones (dwarfing) Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis -chronic inflammatory diseases involving the joints or other organs in children under 16 Ankylosing spondylitis -immobility of a joint in the spine Osteosarcoma -malignant sarcoma of bone Osteoarthritis -A type of arthritis marked by progressive cartilage deterioration in synovial joints and vertebrae Osteoporosis -Loss of bone mass that occurs throughout the skeleton. Predisposes people to fractures Disc Herniation -Rupture of the soft tissue that separates two vertebral bones into the spinal canal Scoliosis -a lateral curvature of the spine. ACL & MCL -knee joint injuries
Stabilizing joints Maintaining posture Producing
movement Moving substances Stabilizing body
position and regulating organ volume Producing
heat
Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
Excitability - receive and respond to stimuli Contractility - ability to shorten and thicken Extensibility - ability to stretch Elasticity - ability to return to original shape after contr./exten.
Muscle Types
Skeletal Muscles
650 muscles, work in pairs: one muscle moves the bone in one direction and the other moves it back again. Extend from one bone across a joint to another bone Muscles are anchored to bone by tendons made of dense fibrous connective tissue shaped like heavy cords. Attachment to the more stationary bone by tendon closest to the body or muscle head or proximal is the ORIGIN and attachment to the more moveable bone by tendon at the distal end is the INSERTION. During movement, the origin remains stationary and the insertion moves. The force producing the bending is always a pull of contraction. Reversing the direction is produced by the contraction of a different set of muscles. As one group of muscles contracts, the other group stretches and then they reverse actions.
- We have same number of melanocytes
- Melanin productions is affected primarily by genetic factors and secondarily by sun exposure (increase it) and blood volume.
- Freckles & Liver Spots caused by melanin accumulation in patches
- Melanocytes synthesize melanin from tyrosine amino acid & tyrosinase enzyme inside the melanosome.
- Melanin types: eumelanin (brownish black/dark skin/protect from UV) & pheomelanin (reddish yellow/fair skin/break down with UV).
- Carotine (yellow) helps make vitamin A, found in stratum corneum and fatty areas of dermis and hypodermis.
- Hemoglobin (Oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells)
Skin Appearance
- Albinism , inherited, can’t make tyrosinase thus no melanin
- Cyanotic bluish skin, no breathing due to less oxygen
- Jaundice :Buildup of bilirubin (yellow) in blood due to liver disease
- Erythema (red), Pallor, Bronzing, Bruising (hematoma),
leathery… Skin Markings (Friction ridges (fingerprints),
Flexion lines, freckles, Moles
Skin Aging
Skin Receptors
Light Touch ( Meissner's corpuscles) in palms, soles, lips, eyelids Heavy pressure ( Paccinian corpuscules), 1 sq cm has 14 Pain 1 sq cm has 200 pain receptors Temperature : 1 sq cm has 6 cold and 1 hot receptor
Hair
Anatomy : From the top: shaft, root (medulla, cortex, cuticle), Base (Bulb, Matrix), Arrector pili: smooth muscle, Hair root plexus Growth : repeated cycles, 3 phases ( Anagen growth, Catagen transition, Telogen resting) Functions : head, nose, & eye protection, sensing light touch Color : melanin synthesized in the bub matrix, dark hair (true melanin), blond & red hair (iron/sulfur), Gray hair (less tyrosinase enzyme), White hair (air bubbles in the medullary shaft)
Nail (grasping, manipulating, scratching, protection)
Glands
Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous) : 3-4 million, 2 types Eccrine sweat glands : cooling, into skin, soon after birth, regulate temperature, aid waste removal, made of 98% water & 2% salt Appocrine sweat glands : emotional stress/excitement, into hair follicle, at puberty, made of water, salt, and lipids & proteins. Oil Glands (Sebaceous) : connected to hair follicles, in the dermis, all body except palms and soles, secrete oily sebum, soften skin, prevent bacteria growth, inflammation causes Acne. Ceruminous Gland: produce ear wax to protect ear.
Skin Imbalances
Skin Lesions : elevated, flat, depressed Infections : viral, warts (HPV), fungal (athletes foot), bacterial (boils and carbuncles) Contact Dermatitis : skin inflammation due to contact, 2 types Irritant Dermatitis (contact with acids or chimical) Allergies Dermatitis (latex, poisen ivy, metal, chemical, etc.) Treatment with washing, avoid, anti-itch, Corticosteroid Skin Burns : 1 st^ degree: Epidermis only, red & inflammed skin 2 nd^ degree: Epidermis & dermis, blisters form. 3 rd^ degree: all layers, catastrophic loss of fluids 4 th^ degree: all layers + deeper tissue (musles or bones) Skin Cancer : (most forms progress slowly and treated, few deadly)
- Healthy cells stop growing when contact one another. In skin cancer, cells continue to grow and lump up.
- Excessive UV exposure UV, x-rays or radiation’ chemicals. Basal Cell Carcinoma: least malignant,78% of all, stratum basale can’t form keratin, lose boundary layer between epidermis and dermis, tissue erosion and ulceration, 99% cured Squamous Cell Carcinoma, 20%, stratum spinosum, by sun, grow rapidly, hardened small red growth, recovery if detected early Malignant Melanoma , cancer of melanocytes, 1%, deadly, begins with moles, spreads rapidly
