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YR 2 – NERVOUS, SENSE ORGANS, ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
Station A: Neurons and Reflex Arc
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Use the Diagram 1 in answering Questions 1-5.
- Give the name and functions of the structure labeled A on the diagram.
- Give the name and functions of the structure labeled B on the diagram.
- Give the name and functions of the structure labeled C on the diagram.
- Give the name and functions of the structure labeled D on the diagram.
- Give the name and functions of the structure labeled E on the diagram.
Use Diagram 2 in answering Questions 6-
- Which neuron (A, B, C) is the interneuron?
- Which neuron (A, B, C) is the sensory neuron?
- Which neuron (A, B, C) is the motor neuron?
- Give the name and function of the structure labeled 5 on the diagram?
- Using the numbers representing axon, cell body, and dendrite, give the numbers in the order of the travel of the impulse along the neuron.
Station A: Neurons and Reflex Arc
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Use the Diagram 1 in answering Questions 1-5.
- Give the name and functions of the structure labeled A on the diagram. Receptor - reacts to a stimulus
- Give the name and functions of the structure labeled B on the diagram. Sensory Neuron (Afferent Neuron) - conducts impulses to the CNS
- Give the name and functions of the structure labeled C on the diagram. Interneuron (Association Neuron) - consists of one or more synapses in the CNS (most are in the spine)
- Give the name and functions of the structure labeled D on the diagram. Motor Neuron (Efferent Neuron) - conducts impulses from CNS to effector.
- Give the name and functions of the structure labeled E on the diagram. Effector - muscle fibers or glands, responds by contracting or secreting a product.
Use Diagram 2 in answering Questions 6-
- Which neuron (A, B, C) is the interneuron? C
- Which neuron (A, B, C) is the sensory neuron? B
- Which neuron (A, B, C) is the motor neuron? A
- Give the name and function of the structure labeled 5 on the diagram? Mylin Sheath – fatty layer that provides insulation for the axon
- Using the numbers representing axon, cell body, and dendrite, give the numbers in the order of the travel of the impulse through the body 3-> 2-> 1
Station B: Brain
DIAGRAM 1
DIAGRAM 2
For Questions 11-15, use Diagram 1 to give the letter from the diagram for the location and then give the function for the following of the structures:
- Medulla oblongata G– vital reflexes as heart beat, respiration
- Reticular formation F– sets priorities
- Cerebellum L-muscle coordination, muscle tone, balance
- Cerebrum A– conscious activities
- Hypothalamus B– control of hormones
For Questions 11-15, use Diagram 2 to give the letter from the diagram for the location and then give the function for the following of the structures:
- Sensory-Motor Area D- impulses come in and voluntary responses go out
- Auditory Area I-hearing
- Broca’s area in the Left Hemisphere K- production of language or speech
- Visual Area F- receives visual information from thalamus and associated with G – the visual association area that interprets the visual information that has been received
- Frontal eye field C- visual attention and eye movements
Station C: Nerve Impulse Mechanism
Sodium-potassium pump Action Potential Graph
- – 25. Explain the mechanism by which a nerve impulse travels along a nerve cell. Use the diagrams if it will help you with your explanation.
For Questions 26 – 30, use the letters from the Action Potential Graph to answer the questions?
- Which letter represent when the potassium channels open?
- Which letter represent when the sodium channels open?
- Which letter represent when the more sodium channels open?
- Which letter represent when the sodium channels close?
- Which letter represent when the potassium channels close?
Station D: Synapse & Brain Waves
- -35. Explain the process occurring as an impulse reaches the Axon Terminal
Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Theta Brain Waves
For questions 36 – 39, identify the above resting wave forms from top to bottom.
Which of these wave forms tend to be present posteriorly more than anteriorly and are especially prominent with closed eyes and with relaxation?
Station D: Synapse & Brain Waves
- -35. Explain the process occurring as an impulse reaches the Axon Terminal
o When the impulse reaches the Axon Terminal, dozens of vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and discharge the neurotransmitter into the Synaptic Cleft or Space o When the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse and binds with the receptor on the dendrite of the next nerve cells, the new impulse is started in the dendrite o After the neurotransmitter relays it message, it is rapidly removed or destroyed.
Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Theta Brain Waves
For questions 36 – 39, identify the above resting wave forms from top to bottom.
- Delta waves
- Theta waves
- Alpha waves
- Beta waves
- Which of these wave forms tend to be present posteriorly more than anteriorly and are especially prominent with closed eyes and with relaxation? Alpha waves
Station E: Senses
- What are the 5 types of Sensory Receptors based upon the stimulus they detect?
- Where are the Sense Organs located?
- What are the Special Senses?
- Where are General Sense Receptors located?
- What do the general senses detect?
For Questions 46-50, use the following key to name the type of General Sense Receptors
A. Proprioceptors B. Nociceptors C. Pacinian corpuscles D. Meissner’s corpuscles E. Ruffini endings
- Skin receptors for light touch at the surface of the skin
- Pain receptors that respond selectively to painful stimuli – potentially damaging stimuli as extremes in temperature pressure, and injury-related chemicals
- Detect pressure deep in your skin
- Stretch receptors located in joints, ligaments, and tendons
- Respond to continuous pressure in the dermis of your skin
Station E: Senses
- What are the 5 types of Sensory Receptors based upon the stimulus they detect? mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, pain receptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors
- Where are the Sense Organs located? in the head
- What are the Special Senses? vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell
- Where are General Sense Receptors located? the receptors are widely distributed in the skin, muscles, tendons, joints and viscera
- What do the general senses detect? Skin – Hot, cold, pressure, pain Muscles, joints, and tendons – proprioceptors- stretch receptors respond to stretch or compression Pain Receptors – somatic or visceral
For Questions 46-50, use the following key to name the type of General Sense Receptors
A. Proprioceptors B. Nociceptors C. Pacinian corpuscles D. Meissner’s corpuscles E. Ruffini endings
- Skin receptors for light touch at the surface of the skin D
- Pain receptors that respond selectively to painful stimuli – potentially damaging stimuli as extremes in temperature pressure, and injury-related chemicals B
- Detect pressure deep in your skin C
- Stretch receptors located in joints, ligaments, and tendons A
- Respond to continuous pressure in the dermis of your skin E
Station F: Eye
- Where are the rods and cones located? Retina
- Which layer has dark pigment to absorb extra light and keep the inside of the eye dark? Choroid
- What part has the pigment for eye color? Iris
- What substance fills the posterior chamber and keep the eye from collapsing? Vitreous humor
- What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye? Iris
- Vision is most acute when light rays are brought to focus on what region of the retina? Fovea
- The perception of color comes from which 3 types of cones? red, green, and blue
- An increase in aqueous fluid pressure is a symptom of what disorder? glaucoma
- Night blindness can be treated with vitamin? Vitamin A
- What type of eye disorder is caused by the eyeball being too long? (nearsightedness or farsightedness) nearsightedness – Myopia
Station G: Ear
Examine the diagram and answer the following questions.
- What is the role of the outer ear?
- How do the ear drum and the three bones of the middle ear help with the transmission of sound?
- What fills the cochlea of the middle ear to transmit sound?
- What type of cells are the receptors for sound in the cochlea?
- What is the role of the Eustachian tube?
- What is the difference between static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium?
- What major part of the ear has the receptors for equilibrium?
- Why is it important the three canals to be in different planes?
- Where in the brain does the vestibular nerve transmit impulses?
- What role if any does sight play in equilibrium.
Vision plays a significant role in balance. Approximately twenty percent of the nerve fibers from the eyes interact with the vestibular system.
Station H: Taste & Smell
Examine the information provided and answer the questions.
- What type of receptors are taste and smell receptors? (what do they detect)
- Chemicals must be in solution to stimulate chemical receptors. (TRUE OR FALSE)
- Where are most of your taste buds located?
- What are the 5 primary tastes?
- Humans are able to detect thousands of smells.. (TRUE OR FALSE)
- Many molecules of an odor are needed to stimulate receptor cells for smell. (TRUE OR FALSE)
- Where are the smell receptors located?
- Why does a cold affect the taste of food?
- Why do hot food taste better than cold foods?
- Why is smells so strongly attached to emotion and memory of events?
Station I: Endocrine System
For each of the following statements, indicate whether it is True or False. For the false statements, explain why it is false.
- The endocrine system responds quicker than the nervous system.
- Exocrine glands are ductless.
- The endocrine system acts through neurotransmitters called hormones that influence growth, development, and metabolic activities.
- The specific cells that respond to a given hormone have receptor sites for that hormone.
- The hypothalamus is the major link between the nervous and endocrine system.
- A positive feedback system is the most common “turnoff” process for the endocrine system.
- A negative feedback is a response that opposes the original change – an increase in A will decrease in B. Example is blood sugar metabolism.
- Hormones are general and can affect several different sights.
- .All hormones bind to a cell surface receptor on the target cell – they do not enter the target cell.
- The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland
Station I: Endocrine System
For each of the following statements, indicate whether it is True or False. For the false statements, explain why it is false.
- The endocrine system responds slowly than the nervous system. TRUE
- Exocrine glands are ductless. FALSE. Exocrine glands have ducts, Endocrine glands are ductless
- The endocrine system acts through neurotransmitters that influence growth, development, and metabolic activities. FALSE. No neurotransmitters – rather hormones
- The specific cells that respond to a given hormone have receptor sites for that hormone. TRUE
- The hypothalamus is the major link between the nervous and endocrine system. TRUE
- A positive feedback system is the most common “turnoff” system for the endocrine system. FALSE. A negative feedback system is most common – positive feedback is very uncommon
- A negative feedback is a response that opposes the original change – an increase in A will decrease in B. Example is blood sugar metabolism. TRUE
- Hormones are general and can affect several different sights. FALSE. Hormones are very specific and will only affect cells that are programmed to receive that specific hormone.
- All hormones bind to a cell surface receptor on the target cell – they do not enter the target cell.. FALSE- some bind to a cell surface receptor on the target cell while others cross the plasma membrane and act on receptors inside the target cell
- The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. TRUE
