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2025-2026 SSSS
Anatomy & Physiology B/C
(Nervous, Special Senses, Endocrine systems)
Exam Booklet
Total Score: ___ / 134.
Written by Ninn
Student names: ____________________________________________________
School: ___________________________________________ Team #: ________
Instructions & Information
- 50 minutes will be given for the exam.
- All questions are worth one point unless otherwise specified.
- Each team may bring one 8.5" x 11" sheet of paper that may contain information on both sides in any form and
from any source along with two stand-alone non-programmable, non-graphing calculators (Class II).
Good luck!
Nervous System
- True (A) / False (B): The central nervous system includes nerve tracts.
- True (A) / False (B): The visceral motor division of the nervous system is also known as the autonomic nervous system.
- True (A) / False (B): Oligodendrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the CNS.
- True (A) / False (B): Interneurons are located only in the central nervous system.
- True (A) / False (B): Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by microglia.
- The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system are included most directly in the: a. Visceral sensory division b. Somatic sensory division c. Visceral motor division d. Somatic motor division e. Spinal cord
- Nerve fibers are also known as: a. Tracts b. Axons c. Ganglions d. Afferent e. Efferent
- The structure indicated above is best described as the: a. Axon b. Dendrite c. Node of Ranvier d. Soma e. Terminal 9. The neuron shown in the previous image is best described as: a. Multipolar b. Bipolar c. Unipolar d. Anaxonic e. More than one of the above 10. A cluster of nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system is known as a(n): a. Effector b. Division c. Ganglion d. Neurosoma e. Chromatophil 11. Which of the following stimuli are detected by afferent neurons? a. Light b. Heat c. Pressure d. Chemicals e. All of the above 12. The end of a neuron is typically denoted by the presence of what structure? a. Axon hillock b. Axolemma c. Axoplasm d. Terminal arborization e. Varicosities 13. What is described by the standard form of the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz voltage equation? a. Membrane potential b. Anterograde transport speed c. Retrograde transport speed d. Axon growth rate e. Axon conductivity 14. This disease is characterized by degradation of myelin sheaths in the central nervous system. a. Alzheimer’s Disease b. Parkinson’s Disease c. Cerebral Palsy d. Multiple Sclerosis e. More than one of the above 15. Acute (immediate) administration of marijuana results in which of the following symptoms? a. A decrease in learning and memory b. An increase in reward responsiveness c. Parasympathetic stimulation d. Reducing resting heart rate e. All of the above
Match the regions of the brain demarcated below with their respective descriptions [0.5 pts each]. Some choices may be used more than once, while some may not be used at all.
- [0.5 pts] ________ Known as the occipital lobe, this region is known for processing visual information. Though, it has no obvious anatomical border with some other lobes, suggesting interrelatedness of function.
- [0.5 pts] ________ Broca’s area is located here.
- [0.5 pts] ________ The central sulcus divides structure B and this structure.
- [0.5 pts] ________ Known as Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42, these regions belong to the limbic system and are responsible for primary auditory sensation.
- [0.5 pts] ________ This lobe is generally associated with spatial awareness, sensory processing, and integrating various signals from the body.
- [0.5 pts] ________ The hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are located here.
- [0.5 pts] ________ Alzheimer’s Disease is known to result in degradation of neurons in this area of the brain first.
A 36-year-old male physical therapist with a 9-year history of chronic alcohol use (approximately 7 drinks a day) is taken to the emergency department by his wife because of sudden onset of left-sided weakness and slurred speech. He reports of having a severe headache along with nausea and vomiting. He has no family history of heart disease or diabetes. Staff note that the individual is disoriented, unable to recall time or place of onset of symptoms as well as dysarthria. Vital signs include a blood pressure of 190/ mmHg, heart rate of 92 bpm, temperature of 98.6°F (37°C), respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation of 97% on room air.
A CT scan of the patient reveals formation of a blood clot originating within the brain.
- [3 pts] Identify the most likely diagnosis for this patient. Be specific (i.e. specify all applicable subtypes of the diagnosis).
- [3 pts] Identify the most significant risk factor for a stroke. What about this patient’s health history may indicate likelihood of the previous disorder? Briefly explain.
- What do the “F” and “S” of the BEFAST acronym for stroke identification stand for?
- [2 pts] Briefly explain why this disorder generally affects only one side of the body.
The ALS Ice Bucket challenge was an activity involving dumping a bucket of ice water on one’s head started by Anthony Senerchia, Patt Quinn, and Pete Frates, going viral in July-August of 2014. All three men were diagnosed with ALS and passed because of the same disorder. The challenge raised over 115 million in 2014, going towards research, patient services, education, fundraising, and more.
Since 2014, there have been several significant advances in ALS understanding and treatment. One of these is edaravone (Radicava) in 2017, the second FDA-approved treatment for ALS. Edaravone decreases levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preserves cell membrane integrity.
(There is no cure for ALS, and research is still ongoing. If you are interested in neuroscience, absolutely look more into research and developments surrounding ALS!)
- [2 pts] What neurons are primarily affected by ALS? List two symptoms of ALS.
- List two risk factors associated with ALS.
- [4 pts] Briefly define spastic and flaccid paralysis. Then explain why ALS is able to cause both types of paralysis.
- [2 pts] Given edaravone’s mechanism of action, propose an explanation for why it is feasible as an ALS treatment.
- Which of the following papillae lack taste buds? a. Filiform b. Foliate c. Fungiform d. Vallate e. All of the above contain taste buds
Match the following descriptions with the taste to which they best correspond to.
A. Metal ions like sodium and potassium; directly depolarize the cell.
B. Carbohydrates; stimulate by binding to receptors.
C. Aspartic and glutamic acids; stimulate by binding to receptors.
D. H+ ions in food; directly depolarize the cell.
E. Alkaloids; stimulate by binding to receptors.
- _______ Umami
- _______ Sour
- _______ Bitter
- _______ Salty
- _______ Sweet
- Most odors are received by what type of receptor in the olfactory epithelium? a. Tyrosine kinase b. Enzyme-linked receptors c. Ion channels d. G-protein coupled receptors e. None of the above; odorants utilize simple diffusion
- Dysgeusia is a disorder known for which of the following symptoms? a. Pain from the tongue b. Completely lacking a sense of taste c. Tasting all foods as metallic or bitter d. Inability to sense food texture e. Inability to sense food temperature
The following questions will reference the diagram provided of the ear.
- Structure 2 is best described as the: a. Stapes b. Malleus c. Tympani d. Auricle e. Incus
- Angular and rotational movements of the head are sensed by which structure shown? a. Structure 5 b. Structure 3 c. Structure 4 d. Structure 1 e. Structure 7
- Which of the following structures is present within the inner ear? a. Structure 5 b. Structure 2 c. Structure 4 d. All of the above e. None of the above
- What is the function of structure 6 shown in the diagram? a. To transmit sound vibrations from the ossicles to the eardrum b. To receive sound vibrations from the air of the auditory canal c. To release pressure from the cochlea d. To prevent debris and germs from entering the middle ear e. To detect up-and-down motion of the head
- Let’s say you’re standing still in an elevator. What component of the ear would be responsible for detecting when the elevator begins to move upwards? a. Saccule b. Utricle c. Ampulla d. Semicircular canal e. Both A and B 72. These interneurons are responsible for relaying information from the olfactory fibers. a. Mitral cells b. Tufted cells c. Granule cells d. A and B e. All of the above
The following questions will reference the histological section provided of the cochlea.
Identify the labels in the diagram corresponding to the following structures:
- _______ Organ of corti.
- _______ Basilar membrane.
- _______ Scala vestibuli.
- _______ Vestibular membrane.
- _______ Which label above contains endolymph?
Fill in the following blanks for the pathway described.
Olfactory cells Blank 1 Olfactory bulb Blank 2 Olfactory striae Olfactory cortex
- _______ Blank 1.
- _______ Blank 2.
Endocrine System
- True (A) / False (B): The ovaries produce estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
- True (A) / False (B): The hypophyseal portal system– a network of nerve fibers– links the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus.
- True (A) / False (B): Growth hormone is secreted primarily during the night.
- True (A) / False (B): ADH also functions as a neurotransmitter.
- True (A) / False (B): T4 is more abundant than T3 but is considered an inactive prohormone.
- Steroid hormones are all derived from ________. a. Tyrosine b. Triglycerides c. Phospholipids d. Cholesterol e. This statement is false; there are multiple progenitors of steroid hormones
- Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine? a. Epinephrine b. Norepinephrine c. Adrenaline d. Dopamine e. Serotonin
- Melatonin is derived from what molecule? a. Cholesterol b. Niacin c. Tryptophan d. Tyrosine e. Arginine
- Rank the following hormone types from smallest to largest. a. Amine → Peptide = Protein b. Amine → Protein → Peptide c. Amine → Peptide → Protein d. Peptide → Amine → Protein e. Peptide → Protein → Amine 100. Identify the structure indicated by the black pin above. a. Thalamus b. Pineal gland c. Pituitary gland d. Hypothalamus e. Hypothyroid 101. The structure in the previous question is known for secreting: a. TRH b. T c. TSH d. Melatonin e. ACTH 102. This hormone is secreted by cells known as gonadotropes; it is responsible for stimulating ovulation and for release of progesterone. a. Oxytocin b. Vasopressin c. Luteinizing hormone d. Progesterone e. Prolactin 103. Which of the following endocrine organ(s) are known for undergoing involution? a. Thymus b. Ovaries c. Testes d. Pineal gland e. All of the above
- Numerous organs will also send feedback to the pituitary glands. This includes the thyroid. Which of the
For the following hormones, identify whether they are secreted by the hypothalamus (A), anterior pituitary (B), or posterior pituitary (C) [0.5 pts each].
following statements does not accurately describe signaling present between the pituitary and thyroid? a. TSH stimulates TH secretion by the thyroid b. TH stimulates TSH secretion by the pituitary c. The pituitary secretes TSH d. A and C e. All of the above are correct
- A patient presenting with significantly reduced calcium levels in blood most likely is exhibiting: a. Hypersecretion of TH b. TH hypersensitivity c. GH hypersensitivity d. Hyposecretion of PTH e. Hyposecretion of calcitonin
- Growth hormone secretion stimulates which of the following processes? a. Amino acid transport into cells b. Lipid catabolism c. Release of glycerol into the blood d. A and C e. All of the above
- The structures shown in the histological section above are known as _______ and are associated with the _______. a. Isthmi; liver b. Islets; pancreas c. Islets; adrenal cortex d. Colloid; hypothalamus e. Follicles; thyroid 108. [0.5 pts] _______ Oxytocin. 109. [0.5 pts] _______ Somatostatin. 110. [0.5 pts]_______ Prolactin. 111. [0.5 pts]_______ GnRH.
Complete the following table [0.5 pts each].
Hormone Class Mechanism of Action Androstenedione Blank 1 Nuclear Estradiol Steroid Nuclear Insulin Blank 2 Blank 3 Triiodothyronine Amine Blank 4
- [0.5 pts] ________ Blank 1.
- [0.5 pts] ________ Blank 2.
- [0.5 pts] ________ Blank 3.
- [0.5 pts] ________ Blank 4.
- True (A) / False (B): Thyroid hormone affects nearly every cell in the body.
- Identify the structure shown by the illustrated diagram provided.
- This structure is present in both individuals with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Provide an explanation as to why this is the case for both conditions.
- This structure can also form due to reasons unrelated to thyroid function. Identify one of these reasons.
Thank you for taking my test, and good luck for the upcoming season :)!
