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Workshop Statistics: Discovery with Data,
Second Edition
Topic 7: Comparing Distributions II: Categorical
Variables
Activity 7-6: Suitability for Politics ( cont. )
Answers will vary from class to class.
Activity 7-7: Suitability for Politics ( cont. )
According to the data, about 15% of liberals, 23% of moderates, and 29% of conservatives polled agreed with the statement on suitability for politics. The increase in percentage as we increase the amount of conservativism makes sense from what we know of the general beliefs of liberals, moderates, and conservatives. Therefore, I would say that the more conservative a person is, the more likely they are to agree with the statement. According to the data, about 23% of men, and 23% of women polled agreed with the statement on suitability for politics. Therefore, this data suggests that gender does not play an important role in influencing one's decision regarding the statement.
Activity 7-8: Gender-Stereotypical Toy Advertising
(a) boy shown: 97; girl shown: 86; traditional "boy" toy: 74; traditional "girl" toy: 26; neutral gender toy: 83 (b) male toys: .60; female toys: .02; neutral toys:. (c) male toys: .16; female toys: .27; neutral toys:.
(d) (e) It would seem that toy advertisers tend to present pictures of boys in advertisements
for traditionally "male" toys, and girls in advertisements for traditionally "female" toys.
Activity 7-9: Gender-Stereotypical Toy Advertising ( cont. )
(a). (b). (c). (d) Toy advertisers tend to show girls with traditionally "male" toys when they choose to defy gender stereotypes.
Activity 7-10: Gender of Physicians ( cont. )
(a) under 35: .30; 35-44: .22; 45-54: .13; 55-64:.
(b) (c) The percentage of women physicians decreases with the increase of age. This may be due to previous pressure to start and take care of a family at home.
Activity 7-11: Children's Living Arrangements
Activity 7-13: Driver Safety ( cont. )
Younger drivers are about 2.57 times as likely to be involved in a fatal crash as older drivers.
Activity 7-14: Gender and Lung Cancer
(a)
- explanatory: gender
- response: lung cancer
(b) There are some typos in the text. The following table reflects the corrected values.
men women row totals lung cancer 10 19 29 no lung cancer 531 440 971 column totals 541 459 1000
(c) men: .018; women: .041; (d)
(e) Women are about 2.3 times as likely to get lung cancer than men. (f) Women who smoke are more than twice as likely to get lung cancer by the time they are 60 than men with same additction.
Activity 7-15: Friendly Observers ( cont. )
(a)
- explanatory: group A or B
- response: win or lose
(b)
group A group B win 3 8 lose 9 3
(c) group A win: .25; group B win:.
(d) (e) The data seem to support the researchers' conjecture that group B would perform better.
Activity 7-16: Top American Films ( cont. )
(a) Data for students will vary.
won BP did not year 1960 20 28 year <= 1960 12 40
(b) About 44% of the men were admitted. About 30% of the women were admitted. There is a difference of approximately 14 percentage points in favor of the men. This may indicate that men were given preferential treatment in admissions decisions. (c)
proportion of men admitted proportion of women admitted program A .61. program B .62. program C .36. program D .33. program E .27. program F .05.
(d) No, in fact women have higher rates in most of the programs. (e) Many more men applied to the programs with higher acceptance rates, whereas most women applied to programs with lower acceptance rates.
Activity 7-21: Softball Batting Averages
Answers will vary from student to student.
Activity 7-22: Employee Dismissals
Answers will vary from student to student.
Activity 7-23: Hypothetical Employee Retention Predictions
(a). (b). (c) no (d) no (e) Yes, the employee's action is independent of the test's prediction. The proportions reported in (a) and (b) are identical. Since they represent separate categories of one variable against the other variable, the two variables are said to be independent.
(f)
(g)
(h)
Activity 7-24: Women Senators ( cont. )
(a). (b). (c) No, it is not fair to say that most Democratic Senators are women because the proportion of Democratic Senators that are women is about .13. (d) Yes, it is fair to say that most women Senators are Democrats because the proportion of women Senators that are Democrats is about .66.
Activity 7-25: Politics and Ice Cream
