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AP Biology Test: Cells
chromosomes - ANS - large structures that DNA is organized into nucleolus - ANS - structure within the nucleus where rRNA is made and ribosomes are assembled ribosomes - ANS - sites of protein synthesis rough endoplasmic reticulum - ANS - studded with ribosomes, makes proteins to be exported out of the cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum - ANS - makes lipids, hormones, and steroids and breaks down toxic chemicals golgi bodies - ANS - modify, process, and sort products synthesized by the rough ER vesicles - ANS - little sacs that carry products to be exported to the plasma mebrane
mitochondria - ANS - powerhouse, convert energy from organic molecules into useful energy for the cell ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - ANS - the energy molecule in the cell lysosomes - ANS - tiny sacs that carry digestive enzymes to break down worn-out organelles, debris, or large ingested particles centrioles - ANS - produce microtubules for cell division (only in animal cells) microtubule organizing centers (MTOC's) - ANS - where centrioles are found vacuoles - ANS - fluid filled sacs that store water, food, wastes, salts, or pigments peroxisomes - ANS - organelles that detoxify various substances cytoskeleton - ANS - a network of fibers that hold the shape of a cell microtubule - ANS - fibers that help in cellular division (centrioles, cilia, flagella)
solutes - ANS - substances that dissolve channel proteins - ANS - help lipid-insoluble substances move across a lipid bilayer facilitated transport - ANS - when substances are helped across a membrane active transport - ANS - moving substances up their concentration gradient sodium-potassium pump - ANS - a pump that depends on ATP to usher out sodium and usher in potassium endocytosis - ANS - when a substance is engulfed by the cell membrane in a pocket pinocytosis - ANS - when a cell ingests liquid in a vesicle phagocytosis - ANS - when a cell ingests solids in a vesicle receptor-mediated endocytosis - ANS - when a particle binds to a receptor and the cell membrane folds in and forms a vesicle
bulk flow - ANS - the one-way movement of fluids brought about by pressure dialysis - ANS - the diffusion of soles across a selectively permeable membrane exocytosis - ANS - when a cell ejects waste products through a vesicle intercellular junctions - ANS - structures that form between neighboring cells that allow them to form strong connections, prevent passage of materials, or establish rapid communication desmosomes - ANS - hold adjacent animal cells together by discs gap junctions - ANS - protein complexes that form channels in membranes and allow communication between cells tight junctions - ANS - tight connections between membranes of adjacent animal cells that seal off body cavities and prevent leaks cells - ANS - the smallest unit of living material that can carry out all the activities necessary for life
integral proteins - ANS - proteins firmly bound to the plasma membrane that extend from one end of the lipid bilayer to the other transmembrane proteins - ANS - proteins that extend only partially through the membrane fluid-mosaic model - ANS - the arrangement of phospholipids and proteins that make up the membrane of eukaryotic cell adhesion proteins - ANS - membrane proteins that form junctions between adjacent cells receptor proteins - ANS - membrane proteins that serve as docking sites fr proteins of the extracellular matrix or hormones channel proteins - ANS - membrane proteins that form channels that selective allow the passage of certain ions or molecules recognition and adhesion proteins - ANS - membrane proteins that are exposed on the extracellular surface and play a role in cell recognition and adhesion
carbohydrate side chains - ANS - molecules on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that attach to the surface of some proteins cholesterol - ANS - molecules found in the phospholipid bilayer, help stabilize membrane fluidity phospholipid bilayer - ANS - the membrane of eukaryotic cells that is made of amphipathic phospholipids and is selectively permeable nucleus - ANS - the cell's control center that holds hereditary information
