Download AP Physics 1 Exam solution guide.pdf and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
AP Physics 1 Exam solution guide
Displacement (Δx) - answer --Net change in position
- Measured in meters (m) Δx = x(f) - x(i) Velocity (v) - answer --Speed and direction
- Measured in meters per second (m/s) average v = Δx/t Acceleration (a) - answer --Rate of change of velocity w/ respect to time
- Measured in meters per second squared (m/s^2) average a = Δv/t Speeding up vs. Slowing Down - answer --Speeding up occurs when velocity and acceleration have the same sign
- Slowing down occurs when velocity and acceleration have opposite signs Position vs. Time Graph - answer --Slope represents average velocity
- Object changes direction when graph crosses x-axis Velocity vs. Time Graph - answer --Slope represents average acceleration
- Area represents displacement Acceleration vs. Time Graph - answer --Area represents change in velocity Scalars - answer - Quantities with only a size/magnitude (ex: speed, mass, length, temperature, time, distance, energy, etc.) Vectors - answer - Quantities with both a size and direction (ex: displacement, velocity, position, acceleration, force, etc.) Projectile Motion - answer --Horizontal and vertical components are independent of each other
- Complementary angles travel same horizontal distance
- Larger angles travel higher and spend more time in air, while smaller angles have greater horizontal velocities Force (F) - answer --A push or pull
- Measured in Newtons (N)
Static Friction (Fs) - answer - Force that resists motion of two objects that are stationary relative to one another Fs (max) = Us x Fn Kinetic Friction (Fk) - answer - Friction when two objects slide against each other Fk = Uk x Fn Hooke's Law - answer - Fs = kΔx, where k is the spring constant Momentum (p) - answer - p = mv
- Measured in kg x m/s
- momentum is conserved in collisions and explosions Impulse (J) - answer - J = Fnet Δt = Δp
- Measured in N x s Elastic Collisions - answer --Momentum and kinetic energy are conserved
- Can use equation v1(i) - v2(i) = v2(f) - v1(f) Inelastic Collisions - answer --Momentum is conserved BUT kinetic energy is not conserved
- Collision is completely inelastic if objects stick together
Translational Kinetic Energy (K) - answer --Energy of objects in motion
- Measured in joules K = 1/2 mv^ Gravitational Potential Energy (Ug) - answer --Energy of an object based on its position
- Measured in joules Ug = mgh Elastic Potential Energy (Ue) - answer --Energy of a spring
- Measured in joules Ue = 1/2 kx^ Work (W) - answer - W = FΔxcosϴ W = ΔK Power (P) - answer - The amount of work done over time, measured in Watts (W) P = W/t Conservative Forces - answer --The amount of work done by the force does not depend on its path
Fictitious Force - answer --A fake force that appears in an accelerating reference frame
- Can be explained by looking at the situation from a non-accelerating reference frame Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation - answer - Fg = Gm1m2/r^2, where G is the universal gravitational constant Gravitational Fields - answer --Any object with mass creates a gravitational field around itself that expands infinitely in all directions
- The field exerts a gravitational force on any other object with mass Gravitational Field Strength - answer --Gravitational field strength varies depending on location g = Gm2/r^ Gravitational Potential Energy in Outer Space - answer - Ug = - Gm1m2/r, where r is the distance between the objects
- Zero position is defined as infinitely far away Orbiting - answer --To orbit, an object must have an initial velocity tangent to the Earth
- Gravity provides the centripetal acceleration
Circular vs. Elliptical Orbits - answer - Circular Orbits: radius is constant, Ug is constant, and K is constant Elliptical Orbits: radius is NOT constant, Ug is greater farther away, and K is greater closer to planet Restoring Force - answer --Force pointing toward equilibrium position Restoring force = kΔx, where k is the restoring constant Simple Harmonic Motion - answer - A repeated, back and forth motion that is caused by a restoring force Period of SHM - answer - The amount of time required to complete once cycle of motion T spring = 2∏√(m/k) T pendulum = 2∏√(L/g) Angular Frequency (w) - answer - Frequency measured in radians per second (rads/s) w = 2∏f = 2∏/T Amplitude (A) - answer - The maximum displacement from equilibrium
Beats - answer - When sound waves with slightly different frequencies meet, the interference is alternately constructive and destructive, so the sound gets louder and softer at regular intervals Standing Waves - answer --Created when two waves of equal amplitude and equal frequency interfere continuously
- Can have two fixed ends, two open ends, or one open and one closed end Dopple Effect - answer --When a source moves towards an observer, the wavelength decreases and the frequency increases
- When an observer moves towards a source, the wavelength stays the same but the frequency increases Resonance - answer - Objects have a natural (resonant) frequency it liked to oscillate at Rotational Position - answer --Position defined by angle ϴ
- Measured in radians Angular Velocity (w) - answer --Change in angle over time
- Measured in radians per second (rads/s) or revolutions per minute (rpm) w = Δϴ/t
Angular Acceleration (α) - answer --Change in angular velocity over time
- Measured in radians per second squared (rads/s^2) α = Δw/t Angular Kinematics - answer - Δϴ = 1/2 αt^2 + w(o)t + x(o) w(f)^2 - w(i)^2 = 2αΔϴ Torque (T) - answer --Torque depends on amount of applied force, distance from pivot point, & angle between force and distance T = Frsinϴ Tnet = Iα Rotational Inertia (I) - answer - Inertia that resists rotation/twisting I = mr^2 for a point mass Angular Momentum (L) - answer - L = Iw, measured in kg x m^2/s^ Angular momentum is conserved if no net torque is applied Rotational Kinetic Energy (Krot) - answer - Krot = 1/2 Iw^
Parallel Circuit - answer --There are multiple paths through the circuit
- Resistors share total current
- Electrons use up all of their voltage at one resistor Series Circuit - answer --There is only one path through the circuit
- Resistor each draw total current
- Electrons split their electrical energy between each resistor Power in a Circuit (P) - answer --Change in electrical energy over time P = IΔV Energy Efficiency - answer - Ratio of useful output energy over total input energy Light bulbs - answer --Brightness depends on power
- Bulbs with less watts shine brighter in series b/c they have greater resistance
- Bulbs with less watts shine less in parallel b/c they have less resistance
