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APES Chapter 3
abiotic - correct answer Two types of components make up the biosphere and its ecosystems: One type, called abiotic, consists of nonliving components such as water, air, nutrients, rocks, heat, and solar energy. aerobic respiration - correct answer Producers, consumers, and decomposers use the chemical energy stored in glucose and other organic compounds to fuel their life processes. In most cells this energy is released by aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to convert glucose (or other organic nutrient molecules) back into carbon dioxide and water. anaerobic respiration, or fermentation - correct answer Some decomposers get the energy they need by breaking down glucose (or other organic compounds) in the absence of oxygen aquatic life zones - correct answer Scientists divide the watery parts of the biosphere areas that each contain numerous ecosystems. atmosphere - correct answer a thin spherical envelope of gases surrounding the earth's surface. biogeochemical cycle - correct answer (literally, life-earth-chemical cycles) or nutrient cycles—prime examples of one of the four scientific principles of sustainability biomass - correct answer the dry weight of all organic matter contained in its organisms. biomes - correct answer large regions such as forests, deserts, and grasslands, with distinct climates and certain species (especially vegetation) adapted to them. biosphere - correct answer consists of the parts of the earth's air, water, and soil where life is found.
biotic - correct answer Two types of components make up the biosphere and its ecosystems: The other type, called biotic, consists of living and once living biological components—plants, animals, and microbes. carbon cycle - correct answer Carbon is the basic building block of the carbohydrates, fats, proteins, DNA, and other organic compounds necessary for life. It circulates through the biosphere, the atmosphere, and parts of the hydrosphere, in the carbon cycle. cell theory - correct answer The idea that all living things are composed of cells is called the cell theory and it is the most widely accepted scientific theory in biology. cells - correct answer the smallest and most fundamental structural and functional units of life chemosynthesis - correct answer A few producers, mostly specialized bacteria, can convert simple inorganic compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compounds without using sunlight, through a process called chemosynthesis. community, or biological community - correct answer consists of all the populations of different species that live in a particular place. consumers - correct answer All other organisms in an ecosystem are consumers, or heterotrophs ("other-feeders"), that cannot produce the nutrients they need through photosynthesis or other processes and must obtain their nutrients by feeding on other organisms (producers or other consumers) or their remains. decomposers - correct answer primarily certain types of bacteria and fungi, are consumers that release nutrients from the dead bodies of plants and animals and return them to the soil, water, and air for reuse by producers. They feed by secreting enzymes that speed up the break down of bodies of dead organisms into nutrient compounds such as water, carbon dioxide, minerals, and simpler organic compounds.
geosphere - correct answer consists of the earth's intensely hot core, a thick mantle composed mostly of rock, and a thin outer crust. greenhouse gases - correct answer The remaining 1% of the air includes water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane, all of which are called greenhouse gases, because they trap heat and thus warm the lower atmosphere. Almost all of the earth's weather occurs in this layer. gross primary productivity (GPP) - correct answer is the rate at which an ecosystem's producers (usually plants) convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass found in their tissues. habitat - correct answer The place where a population or an individual organism normally lives is its habitat. hydrologic cycle, or water cycle - correct answer collects, purifies, and distributes the earth's fixed supply of water. hydrosphere - correct answer consists of all of the water on or near the earth's surface. limiting factor principle - correct answer A variety of abiotic factors can affect the number of organisms in a population. Sometimes one or more factors, known as limiting factors, are more important in regulating population growth than other factors are. This ecological principle is called the limiting factor principle: Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance. limiting factors - correct answer A variety of abiotic factors can affect the number of organisms in a population. Sometimes one or more factors, known as limiting factors, are more important in regulating population growth than other factors are. natural greenhouse effect - correct answer Without this the earth would be too cold to support the forms of life we find here today.
net primary productivity (NPP) - correct answer is the rate at which producers use photosynthesis to produce and store chemical energy minus the rate at which they use some of this stored chemical energy through aerobic respiration. nitrogen cycle - correct answer Fortunately, two natural processes convert or fix N into compounds useful as nutrients for plants and animals. One is electrical discharges, or lightning, taking place in the atmosphere. The other takes place in aquatic systems, soil, and the roots of some plants, where specialized bacteria, called nitrogen-fixing bacteria, complete this conversion as part of the nitrogen cycle. omnivores - correct answer play dual roles by feeding on both plants and animals phosphorus cycle - correct answer Phosphorus circulates through water, the earth's crust, and living organisms photosynthesis - correct answer Most producers capture sunlight to produce energy- rich carbohydrates (such as glucose, C6H12O6) by photosynthesis, which is the way energy enters most ecosystems. population - correct answer is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same place at the same time. primary consumers, or herbivores - correct answer (plant eaters), are animals such as rabbits, grasshoppers, deer, and zooplankton that eat producers, mostly by feeding on green plants. producers - correct answer sometimes called autotrophs (self-feeders), make the nutrients they need from compounds and energy obtained from their environment. prokaryotic cell - correct answer is also surrounded by a membrane, but it has no distinct nucleus and no other internal parts surrounded by membranes. pyramid of energy flow - correct answer The more trophic levels there are in a food chain or web, the greater is the cumulative loss of usable chemical energy as it
