APES Unit 1 The Living World Ecosystems Study Review. | Exams History

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APES Unit 1 The Living World: Ecosystems Study Review

Primary productivity - -rate at which organic matter

is created by producers in an ecosystem

Phytoplankton - -Microscopic, free-floating,

autotrophic organisms that function as producers in

aquatic ecosystems

GPP (gross primary productivity) - -The total

amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem

capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time

NPP - -(Net Primary Productivity): the energy

captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy

producers respire

Trophic levels - -The hierarchical levels of the food

chain through which energy flows from primary producers

to primary consumers, secondary consumers and so on.

Conservation of matter - -the principle stating that

matter is not created or destroyed during a chemical

reaction

Omnivore - -A consumer that eats both plants and

animals

Carnivore - -A consumer that eats only animals.

Herbivore - -A consumer that eats only plants.

First law of thermodynamics - -Energy can be

transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or

destroyed.

second law of thermodynamics - -when energy is

changed from one form to another, some useful energy is

always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)

Energy pyramid - -Shows the amount of energy that

moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

10% rule - -Only 10% of the total energy produced

at each trophic level is available to the next level. The

amount of energy passed up to the levels of the food

pyramid reduces as you go up.

Food chain - -A series of steps in which organisms

transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Food web - -a system of interlocking and

interdependent food chains.

producers (autotrophs) - -Organisms that make their

own food

Ecological pyramids - -illustration of the relative

amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic

level in a given food chain or food web

Primary consumers - -animals that feed on

producers; ex. herbivores

secondary consumers - -carnivores that eat

herbivores

tertiary consumers - -carnivores that eat secondary

consumers

heterotrophs - -An organism that obtains organic

food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-

products.

Reservoir - -A large store of (water, carbon)

Organic - -of, relating to, or derived from living

matter, contains carbon

Inorganic - -Not formed from living things or the

remains of living things

Carbon cycle - -The organic circulation of carbon

from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

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Primary productivity - - rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem Phytoplankton - - Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems GPP (gross primary productivity) - - The total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time NPP - - (Net Primary Productivity): the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire Trophic levels - - The hierarchical levels of the food chain through which energy flows from primary producers to primary consumers, secondary consumers and so on. Conservation of matter - - the principle stating that matter is not created or destroyed during a chemical reaction Omnivore - - A consumer that eats both plants and animals Carnivore - - A consumer that eats only animals. Herbivore - - A consumer that eats only plants. First law of thermodynamics - - Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. second law of thermodynamics - - when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) Energy pyramid - - Shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web 10% rule - - Only 10% of the total energy produced at each trophic level is available to the next level. The amount of energy passed up to the levels of the food pyramid reduces as you go up. Food chain - - A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten Food web - - a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains. producers (autotrophs) - - Organisms that make their own food Ecological pyramids - - illustration of the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain or food web Primary consumers - - animals that feed on producers; ex. herbivores secondary consumers - - carnivores that eat herbivores tertiary consumers - - carnivores that eat secondary consumers heterotrophs - - An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by- products. Reservoir - - A large store of (water, carbon) Organic - - of, relating to, or derived from living matter, contains carbon Inorganic - - Not formed from living things or the remains of living things Carbon cycle - - The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

Carbon - - C 6 Carbon sinks - - places such as forests, ocean sediments, and soil, where accumulated carbon does not readily reenter the carbon cycle Photosynthesis - - Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen Phytoplankton - - Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems Cyanobacteria - - Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis Cellular respiration - - Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen, releases CO Decomposition - - A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products. Decomposer - - An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms Leaf litter - - decomposing but recognizable leaves and other debris forming a layer on top of the soil, especially in forests Detritivore - - organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter Nitrogen - - N 7 Nitrogen cycle - - The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere Nitrification - - Conversion of ammonia (NH4+) into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrite (NO3-) Nitrogen fixation - - process of converting nitrogen gas (N2) in the atmosphere into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use Ammonification - - fungal and bacterial decomposers use nitrogen-containing wastes and dead bodies as a food source and excrete ammonium (NH4+) Denitrification - - process by which bacteria convert nitrates (NO3-) into nitrogen gas (N2) Impervious surfaces - - surfaces that don't absorb water ex. roads, sidewalks, houses / buildings Leaching - - removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards Assimilation - - The process by which producers incorporate elements into their tissues Phosphorous - - P 15 Phosphorous cycle - - The movement of phosphorous atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks. Phosphorus sinks - -- Rocks and minerals

Long-lived vegetation
Dissolved PO4 ions, absorbed PO4 into particles, single- celled organisms Hydrologic cycle - - The cycle through which water in the hydrosphere moves; includes such processes as evaporation, precipitation, and surface and groundwater runoff Hydrology - - the study of water and its effects on and in the earth and in the atmosphere

biome - - A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms Terrestrial - - relating to the land Weather - - The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place. Climate - - The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time Taiga (boreal forest, northern coniferous forest) - - biome with long cold winters and a few months of warm weather; dominated by coniferous evergreens; also called boreal forest Tundra - - a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen. Temperate - - mild, moderate Temperate rainforest - - The cool, dense, rainy forests of the northern Pacific coast; enshrouded in fog much of the time; dominated by large conifers Tropical - - warm, moist climate zone near the equator Tropic of Capricorn - - a line of latitude about 23 degrees South of the equator Tropical rainforests - - Near the equator. Warm with lots of precipitation. Little seasonal temperature variation. Most diverse biome. Shrubland (chaparral) - - Found along the California coast and the coast of the Mediterranean sea. Characterized by hot summers and mild, rainy winters. Dominated by fire-tolerant shrubs. Temperate grasslands - - dominated by grasses, trees and large shrubs are absent. Temperatures vary more from summer to winter, and the amount of rainfall is less than in savannas. Temperate grasslands have hot summers and cold winters. Occur in South Africa, Hungary, Argentina, the steppes of the former Soviet Union, and the plains and prairies of central North America. Savanna - - a grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees. Desert - - An extremely dry (arid) area with little water and few plants Latitude - - distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees Altitude - - Elevation (height) above sea level Longitude - - Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees Permafrost - - permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground Climatograms - - Chart that is used to better understand climate by looking at the average temperature and precipitation Biosphere - - part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere Aquatic - - relating to water Biotic - - Describes living factors in the environment. Abiotic - - Describes non-living factors in the environment streams - - a small, narrow river.

rivers - - a large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another such stream. ponds - - Bodies of fresh water (shallow, allows sunlight to go all the way through the water and makes plants grow) lakes - - A body of water that is surrounded by land it can be fresh water or salt water. Water column - - The vertical column of seawater that extends from the surface to the bottom benthic zone - - bottom of an aquatic ecosystem; consists of sand and sediment and supports its own community of organisms pelagic zone - - open water above the ocean floor Benthos - - organisms that live attached to or near the bottom of lakes, streams, or oceans oceans - - the largest of all the ecosystems. The ocean regions are separated into separate zones: intertidal, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic. All four zones have a great diversity of species. coral reefs - - Prominent oceanic features composed of hard, limy skeletons produced by coral animals; usually formed along edges of shallow, submerged ocean banks or along shelves in warm, shallow, tropical seas marshlands - - Consisting of low lying wetlands ; areas that typically stay flooded/waterlogged. Swamp or bog. estuaries - - the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream. Algae - - a very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows in or near water. Salinity - - A measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid swamps - - shallow water in forested areas, dominated by trees Mangrove forests - - woody, specialized types of trees of the tropics that can live on the edge, where rainforests meet oceans Riparian - - Having to do with the banks of a body of water

APES Unit 1 The Living World Ecosystems Study Review., Exams of History

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