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Appendix A
Members of the Working Group
Sekazi Mtingwa (Chair) Senior Lecturer Office of the Dean for Undergraduate Education Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Carol Berrigan Director, Industry Infrastructure Nuclear Energy Institute
Robert Eisenstein Director Santa Fe Alliance for Science
Lynne A. Fairobent Legislative and Regulatory Affairs Manager American Association of Physicists in Medicine
Darleane Hoffman Professor of the Graduate School Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley & Faculty Sr. Scientist Nuclear Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Ruth Howes Professor and Chair Department of Physics Marquette University
Andrew C. Klein Director of Education, Training & Research Partnerships Idaho National Laboratory
William D. Magwood, IV Principal, Advanced Energy Strategies Former Director of DOE Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology
Patrick Mulvey Lead Research Associate Statistical Research Center American Institute of Physics
Marc Ross Chair of POPA Committee on Energy and Environment Professor of Physics University of Michigan
Jeanette Russo (Administrator of Study) Office Manager APS Office of Public Affairs
Allen Sessoms President Delaware State University
Francis Slakey Associate Director of Public Affairs APS Washington Office
Appendix B
Experts at First Workshop (July 30-31, 2007)
Jim Bresee Senior Technology Specialist NE- DOE-NE
Gregory Choppin Professor of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Florida State University
Michael Corradini Associate Dean College of Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison
Dallas Frey Director of Staffing & Organizational Development Westinghouse International Headquarters
Ayman Hawari Director, Nuclear Reactor Program Associate Professor Department of Nuclear Engineering North Carolina State University
Nancy Hebron-Isreal Program Analyst NE- DOE-NE
John Lee Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences University of Michigan
Bob Long CEO Nuclear Stewardship, LLC
Heino Nitsche Professor of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Faculty Senior Scientist Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Buzz Savage Director Office of Fuel Cycle Research & Development NE- DOE-NE
Appendix D
DOE Programs in Nuclear Science and Engineering Education
- Reactor Fuel Assistance , which comprised essentially all DOE’s support to universities before 1997 and provides fresh fuel to, and takes back spent fuel from, the operating university research and training reactors in the United States
- Nuclear Engineering/Health Physics Fellowships and Scholarships , a competitive program which provides direct support to students studying in these fields
- Radiochemistry , under which DOE awards three-year grants to support education activities in the field of radiochemistry
- Nuclear Engineering and Science Education Recruitment Program , which is designed to increase the number of students entering nuclear engineering by providing a core curriculum to instruct high school science teachers in nuclear science and engineering topics
- International Student Exchange Program (ISEP), which sponsors U.S. students studying nuclear engineering to spend 3-4 months abroad doing research at nuclear facilities in Germany, France, and Japan
- DOE/Industry Matching Grants , through which DOE and participating companies provide matching funds, up to $60,000 from each side, to universities for use in funding scholarships, improving nuclear engineering and science curricula, and modernizing experimental and instructional facilities
- Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (NERI) , which uses peer-review selection of proposals to support fundamental research in nuclear science and engineering at universities, national laboratories, and in private industry
- Nuclear Engineering Education Research (NEER) Grants , a highly competitive, independently peer-reviewed research grants program aimed at university nuclear engineering programs
- Reactor Use Sharing , through which DOE enables universities with reactors to provide students and faculty from other institutions with access to their research facilities
- Reactor Upgrades , through which DOE provides assistance to universities to improve the operational and experimental capabilities of university research and training reactors
- Innovations in Nuclear Infrastructure and Education (INIE), a program which encourages strategic partnerships among the universities, the DOE national laboratories, and industry, and leverages resources made available by the partners.
Appendix E
Reports on Nuclear Science and Engineering Education and
University-Based Research and Training Reactors
- University Research Reactors in the United States – Their Role and Value , National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1988.
- U.S. Nuclear Engineering Education: Status and Prospects , National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1990.
- Nuclear Engineering in Transition: A Vision for the 21
st Century , J. Freidberg and M. Kazimi, Editors, Nuclear Engineering Department Heads Organization, December 1998.
- Manpower Supply and Demand in the Nuclear Industry , Gary S. Was and William R. Martin, Editors, Nuclear Engineering Department Heads Organization, 1999.
- The Future of University Nuclear Engineering Programs and University Research and Training Reactors , Michael L. Corradini, Marvin L. Adams, Donald E. Dei, Tom Isaacs, Glenn Knoll, Warren F. Miller, and Kenneth C. Rogers, Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee, U.S. Dept of Energy, Washington, DC, May 2000.
- Report of the University Research Reactor Task Force to the Department of Energy Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee , Robert L. Long, Jose Luis M. Cortez, and Allen L. Sessoms, Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee, U.S. Department of Energy, April 2001.
- Nuclear’s Human Element: Defining the Federal Government’s Role in Sustaining a Vibrant U.S. University-Based Nuclear Science and Engineering Education System for the 21 st^ Century , Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, American Nuclear Society, December 2006.
- A Vision For Nuclear Science Education And Outreach For The Next Long Range Plan , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, LBNL/PUB- 970, January 2007.
- Review of DOE’s Nuclear Energy Research and Development Program , National Research Council, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, October 2007.
Appendix G
Listing of INIE Consortia
(Innovations in Nuclear Infrastructure and Education)
Western Nuclear Science Alliance FY 2006 Funding: $1.25 Million Oregon State University (Lead) University of California-Davis Washington State University of California-Berkeley Idaho State University Reed College University of California-Irvine University of Utah University of Nevada-Las Vegas
Consortium of Big-10 University Research and Training Reactors FY 2006 Funding: $1.9 Million Pennsylvania State University (Lead) Ohio State University University of Wisconsin-Madison Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Purdue University University of Michigan University of Cincinnati
New England Consortium FY 2006 Funding: $1.0 Million Mass Institute of Technology (Lead) Rhode Island Nuclear Science Center University of Massachusetts – Lowell Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Midwest Nuclear Science and Engineering Consortium FY 2006 Funding: $1.34 Million University of Missouri-Columbia (Lead) University of Missouri-Rolla University of Missouri-Kansas City Linn State Technical College Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico Kansas State University
Multi-University Southeast INIE Consortium FY 2006 Funding: $2.65 Million North Carolina State University (Lead) University of Maryland Georgia Institute of Technology University of Tennessee University of Florida University of South Carolina South Carolina State University
Southwest Consortium of Research Reactors FY 2006 Funding: $1.27Million Texas A&M University (Lead) University of Texas University of New Mexico
Appendix H
Survey Responses from INIE Consortia
Table H-1: Reactor Power and Threat for Decommissioning
Reactor Power Under Threat?
MUSIC
N. Carolina St 1 MW^ No
U Florida 100 KW No
U Maryland 250 KW Yes
NEW ENGLAND
MIT 5 MW^ No
UMass-Lowell 1 MW No
RINSC 2 MW No
SOUTHWEST
Texas A&M 1 MW^ No
U Texas 1.1 MW No
U New Mexico 5 W No
BIG 10
Penn St 1 MW^ No
Wisconsin 1 MW No
Purdue 1 MW No
MIDWEST
MURR (UM-C) 10 MW^ No
U Missouri-Rolla 200 kW No
Kansas St 250 kW, upgrade to
1.25 MW pending
No
WESTERN
Oregon St 1.1 MW No
Washington St 1 MW No
UC-Davis 2 MW No
UC-Irvine 250 KW Yes
Reed 250 KW^ No
Idaho St 0.005 KW No
Table H-3: Minimum Funding Needed for Modernization
Reactor Initial Funding Needed
Items For Initial Funding
Annual Funding Needed MUSIC Achieved earlier^ $700-900K*
New England MIT $3M $100-200K U MA Lowell $200K^ $20K RINSC $150K-$200K Upgrade reactor console, electronics
$100K
Southwest Texas A&M Currently OK $75K U Texas $750K Rehire research staff and students released due to INIE closeout and fund instrumentation projects
$250K
U New Mexico
$150K Upgrade reactor Console
$15K
Big 10 Already upgraded w/INIE funds
$500K
Purdue $120K New console $15K
Midwest MURR (UM-C) $4.3M Operational items** Operational: $250K U Mo Rolla $800K $100K Kansas St $200K Support staff and effluent monitoring
$50K
West Oregon St $1M Replace secondary water system & reflector assembly, neutron diffractometer
$50-100K
Wash St $750K $50K UC-Davis $6M $2M UC-Irvine Systems in good shape $10K Reed $20-30K Idaho St $100K Neutron detectors/cables, $40K Health physics instrum.
- $20-50K is needed annually for reactor instrumentation maintenance. $700-900K is needed to support personnel and R&D activities in all southeast university reactors. Also, if NCSU implements a power upgrade, it would need approximately $1.5 M. **Cooling tower modification ($2.0M), New Be reflector ($0.8M), New Type B shipping cask for fuel and radioisotopes ($1.5M)
Table H-4: Average Annual Funding Received Since 2000
Reactor Federal Local Industrial Other
MUSIC N. Carolina St $400K $500K $100-150K* U Florida $130K $140K $50-100K* U Maryland $100K $0 $50-100K*
New England MIT $1.1M $0 $800K U Mass-Lowell $56K $175K RINSC $100K $800K $50K-$100K $ RPI ** $54K
Southwest Texas A&M $400K^ $200K^ $300K U Texas $300K $250K $25K U New Mexico $15K $25K $
Big 10 Penn St Wisconsin Purdue $7.5K $75K
Midwest MURR (UM-C) $1.2M#^ $2.3M##^ $10M### U Mo Rolla ~$80K since 2004 Kansas St $30K $200K $5K
West Oregon St $500K $500K Wash St $52K $358K $115K UC-Davis $1M ~$700K $300K UC-Irvine $25K $25K $15K Reed ~$60K Idaho St $42K <$2K $
*For MUSIC, "Other" refers to service income, such as activation analyses and irradiations. **RPI (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) joined the New England Consortium in 2006. # Estimated cost of average annual reactor fuel support for MURR from DOE
(^) State portion of funding for operational costs of MURR
(^) “Other” refers to operational costs to provide reactor services to industry,
national laboratories, and academia.
Appendix J
Information Related to Manpower in the Nuclear Power Industry
Fig. J-1. Engineers Currently Employed at Reactor Vendors
0
5 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 5 0 0
3 0 0 0
3 5 0 0
4 0 0 0
Nuclear MechanicalMaterial SciE
Civil ChemicalPhysics Math/Comp
Others
Number of engineers
P h D MS BS
Data are current as of 2007. The total number of engineers is 7967, of which 5569 hold
BS degrees, 2058 hold MS degrees, and 340 are Ph.D.’s.
Taken from Reactor Engineers and Staffing Nuclear Plants , Workshop Presentation to the Working Group by Professor John Lee, Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Workshop held in Washington, D.C., July 2007.
Figs. J-2 and J-3. Initial Outcomes for Nuclear Engineering Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree Recipients Since 2000
Of the known activities for Bachelor’s Degree recipients, continuing education and the military are the most popular. For Master’s Degrees, it is continuing education. (Data from DOE-NE).
Table J-1. Initial Employment or Other Post-Graduation Plans For Nuclear Engineering Degree Recipients, Class of 2006
Data obtained from Nuclear Engineering Enrollments and Degrees Survey, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , http://orise.orau.gov/sep/files/NE_E_D_Brief60_03-07.pdf.
Table J-2. Nuclear Engineering Degrees by Year
Data obtained from Nuclear Engineering Enrollments and Degrees Survey, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, http://orise.orau.gov/sep/files/NE_E_D_Brief60_03-07.pdf.
Table J-4. Retirement Eligibility Data for Engineers and Health Physicists at the NRC
Aggregate Summary for All Employees – Series 0800 (Engineering) Eligibility Status 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Not past Retirement Eligibility Date 1392 1336 1277 1222 1175 0 to 4.3 yr Past Retire. Elig. Date, Age + Years Service < 92^142 163 173 178 More than 4.3 yr Past Retire. Elig. Date, Age + Years Service < 92^17 24 34 40 Age + Years Service >= 92 132 160 199 243 292 Totals 1683 1683 1683 1683 1683
Totals include 0-4.3 yrs. Past Retirement Elig. Date, More than 4.3 yrs Past
Retirement Elig. Date, and Age plus Years in Service >=
0800 Series (Engineering) Past Retirement Eligibility
2008 291 - (17% of total number in job series)
2009 347 - (21% of total number in job series)
2010 406 - (24% of total number in job series)
2011 461 - (27% of total number in job series)
2012 508 - (30% of total number in job series)
Aggregate Summary for All Employees – Series 1306 (Health Physics) Eligibility Status 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Not past Retirement Eligibility Date 144 138 124 118 112 0 to 4.3 yr Past Retire. Elig. Date, Age + Years Service < 92^15 16 23 24 More than 4.3 yr Past Retire. Elig. Date, Age + Years Service < 92^6 6 5 4 Age + Years Service >= 92 12 17 25 31 39 Totals 177 177 177 177 177
1306 Series (Health Physics) Past Retirement Eligibility
2008 33 – (19% of total number in job series)
2009 39 – (22% of total number in job series)
2010 53 – (30% of total number in job series)
2011 59 – (33% of total number in job series)
2012 65 – (37% of total number in job series)
Data obtained from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Appendix K
France’s Approach to Training its Nuclear Workforce^1
Companies, such as AREVA, have limited research activities. In France, most nuclear research is conducted by its Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), with modest support from universities and its Centre National de le Recherche Scientifique. Within CEA, the Nuclear Energy Directorate (DEN) is in charge of nuclear R&D on reactors and fuel cycles, and it employs a staff of roughly 4,500. Turnover is approximately 5%; thus, DEN hires about 200 persons per year, half being technicians and half being engineers.
In 1976, Cogéma began as a subsidiary of CEA with technologies and facilities that France developed for its weapons program after World War II. It operates two large reprocessing plants at La Hague under contracts with both the military and the French electric utility, Electricité de France.
Usually, CEA hires technicians with a degree corresponding to two years study beyond college at Technical Institutes. For reprocessing research, CEA hires these technicians after they concentrate in chemistry, chemical physics, or some other analytical field at one of the Institutes, with some training in nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry. At CEA, the National Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology (INSTN) provides further training for periods of several weeks in such skills as remote handling of radioisotopes and working in glove boxes.
INSTN is the major organization for dispensing specific nuclear knowledge at different levels in France. Part of CEA for more than 50 years, it operates as an institution of higher education under the joint supervision of the Ministries of Education and Industry. The INSTN headquarters are located at the Saclay CEA Center and has branches at CEA locations in Cadarache, Marcoule and Grenoble.
CEA hires engineers who must study for an additional five years beyond college at engineering schools called Grandes Écoles, such as Polytechnics. It hires a lesser number of graduates from more traditional universities. Experts from CEA perform most of the instruction in nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry for students at the academic institutions. A large proportion of the engineers that CEA hires come with a doctoral degree, which involves about three years of research in a laboratory after the polytechnic or university degree. Annually, there are about 100 Ph.D. student or postdoctoral workers at CEA and it chooses the best to hire.
To summarize, France is able to maintain its competency in nuclear chemistry, radiochemistry, as well as nuclear engineering, by charging its governmental agency that does the reprocessing and related research, namely CEA, with educating the workforce according to the country’s needs.
(^1) Source: Dominique Warin, Radiochemistry and Process Department Head, CEA, France.
