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Answers to cue (case study and issue essay) questions related to various topics in aqa a-level geography, including causes and consequences of urban growth, suburbanization, de-industrialization, and sustainable cities. Topics covered include population growth, urban sprawl, housing shortages, economic and social impacts of de-industrialization, characteristics of megacities and world cities, managing urban heat islands, and dealing with derelict urban sites.
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Causes of urban growth - population growth rural→urban migration Consequences of urban growth - urban sprawl housing shortage in LICs ↓cheap houses in HICs ↓urban services &waste disposal U & underE transport issues Contemporary urban processes - Suburbanisation Counter-urbanisation Urban resurgence Impact of de-industrialisation on urban areas - economic - ↓jobs ↓disposable Y de-multiplier effect Impact of de-industrialisation on urban areas - social - ↑U ↑Crime ↓H&F confidence Impact of de-industrialisation on urban areas - environmental - ↑derelict land LT pollution from old factories deterioration of infrastructure Characteristics of megacities - ↑access to services ↑access to jobs ↑levels of services centres of innovation Characteristics of world cities - High quality services global decision making financial headquarters TNC headquarters Dominates trade manufacturing centres ports and containers
New urban landscapes - town centre mixed development gentrification edge cities fortress landscapes Postmodern W city Measuring poverty & inequality - index of multiple deprivation - Y E health & disability education, skills etc crime barriers to housing barriers to services living environment ↓poverty & inequality in cities - NLW/NMW ↑education quality subsidise↓skilled workers ↑ cheap houses ↑public transport Why there is greater cultural diversity in cities? - ↑E opportunities 1st point of entry have same ethnic group ↑specialist shops religious buildings urban pop ↑tolerant Social segregation reasons - self segregation - specialist facilities live with similar ethnic racial protection maintenance of culture Social segregation reasons - external - hostility migrants=cheap labour →cheap housing maj pop out/min pop in Managing urban heat islands - cool surfaces green roofs urban greening ↑sky view factor cool cars Reasons for more precipitation - urban - UHI→convection→E→P
Dealing with derelict urban sites - land remediation community action Features of sustainable cities - green space safe to walk/cycle good public transport services easily accessed strong community links affordable housing energy efficient homes waste is recycled renewables are used Strategies to develop sustainable cities - I in infrastructure Green I I in renewables I in ↓waste production ↑green areas ↑affordable housing adoption of local £ active stakeholder participation disaster risk reduction strategies