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ARMS TEST 15P 2026 SCRIPT COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
◉ Drop-arm test (Codman test). Answer: Tests: Rotator Cuff Pathology (Full thickness tear) Positive: Loss of eccentric control of lowering arm Action: PT passively abducts shoulder to 90°; patient actively and eccentrically lowers shoulder. ◉ Active compression test (O'Brien test). Answer: Tests: SLAP Tear Positive: Pain occurs with IR and not with ER Action: Patient standing with arm flexed to 90° and elbow extended; horizontally adducts arm to 10° and rotates internally. PT applies downward force. Return to start, rotate externally, and PT applies downward force again. ◉ Biceps load II test. Answer: Tests: SLAP Tear Positive: Apprehension; same or increased pain Action: Patient supine with shoulder abducted to 120°, full ER, elbow flexed to 90° and supinated. Patient performs elbow flexion against resistance. ◉ Anterior slide test. Answer: Tests: SLAP Tear
Positive: Pain or clicking in deep shoulder Action: Patient seated with hand on waist, thumb posterior; PT applies anterior-superior force to elbow. ◉ Compression-rotation test. Answer: Tests: SLAP Tear Positive: Pain, clicking, or catching Action: Patient supine; PT passively abducts shoulder between 70° and 90° with elbow flexed to 90°; PT applies axial compression load with GH ER and IR. ◉ Pain provocation test (Mimori test). Answer: Tests: SLAP Tear Positive: Pain worse in pronated position Action: Patient seated with arm abducted between 90° and 100°; PT externally rotates arm, taking forearm into maximum supination and maximum pronation. . ◉ Yergason test. Answer: Tests: Bicipital tendinitis / Transverse humeral ligament Positive: Popping of long head of bicep tendon or tenderness at bicipital groove Action: Patient seated, shoulder neutral against trunk, elbow flexed to 90°, forearm pronated; perform supination and ER against resistance
Positive: Sudden jerk or clunk of humerus Action: Patient seated with shoulder flexed to 90° and in IR; PT applies axial load to humerus and passively horizontally adducts the arm. ◉ Posterior apprehension test. Answer: Tests: Posterior Instability Positive: Apprehension; pain, reproduction of symptoms Action: PT elevates shoulder in scapular plane to 90°, applies posterior force (axial load) through elbow, and horizontally adducts and internally rotates the arm. ◉ Sulcus sign. Answer: Tests: Inferior Instability Positive: Presence of sulcus inferior to acromion (only positive if symptomatic) Action: Patient stands with arm relaxed at side; PT pulls arm distally. ◉ Pectoralis major contracture test. Answer: Tests: Pectoralis Major Tightness Positive: Elbows do not reach table Action: Patient supine with hands clasped behind head; lowers arms until elbows touch the table. ◉ Adson maneuver. Answer: Tests: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Positive: Disappearance of pulse; reproduction of symptoms
Action: PT finds radial pulse. Patient rotates head toward test extremity and extends head; PT then ER and extends shoulder; patient takes deep breath and holds. ◉ Halstead maneuver. Answer: Tests: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Positive: Absence or disappearance of pulse; reproduction of symptoms Action: PT finds radial pulse; applies downward traction on test shoulder while neck is hyperextended and head is rotated to opposite side. ◉ Roos test (Elevated arm test). Answer: Tests: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Positive: Unable to hold for 3 min; ischemic pain; arm heaviness/weakness; hand numbness/tingling Action: Both shoulders in ER, 90° abduction, slight HADD, elbows flexed to 90°; patient opens and closes hands slowly for 3 min. ◉ Wright test (Hyperabduction test). Answer: Tests: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Positive: Disappearance of pulse; reproduction of symptoms Action: PT moves patient's arm over head in frontal plane with shoulder in ER while palpating radial pulse.
Positive: Symptoms in <5 s; tingling/paresthesia along ulnar nerve course Action: Elbow fully flexed, wrist extended, shoulder abducted 90° and depressed; hold for 3-5 min. ◉ Tinel sign (Elbow). Answer: Tests: Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Positive: Tingling along ulnar nerve course Action: Elbow flexed to 20°; PT taps ulnar nerve between olecranon and medial epicondyle. ◉ Pinch grip test. Answer: Tests: Anterior Interosseous Nerve (AIN) Entrapment Positive: Unable to pinch tip to tip (uses pulp to pulp instead) Action: Patient pinches tip of index finger to tip of thumb. ◉ Valgus stress test (Elbow). Answer: Tests: Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Laxity Positive: Pain or excessive gapping Action: PT stabilizes elbow and distal forearm; applies abduction force at 20-30° flexion. ◉ Varus stress test (Elbow). Answer: Tests: Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) Laxity Positive: Pain or excessive gapping
Action: PT stabilizes elbow and distal forearm; applies adduction force at 20-30° flexion. ◉ Moving valgus stress test. Answer: Tests: MCL Injury (medial elbow) Positive: Medial elbow pain peaking within 120°-70° arc of flexion Action: Arm abducted/laterally rotated, elbow flexed fully; PT applies valgus force while quickly extending elbow to 30°. ◉ Pronator teres syndrome test. Answer: Tests: Median Nerve Entrapment Positive: Tingling/paresthesia along median nerve Action: Patient seated, elbow flexed 90°; PT resists pronation while extending patient's elbow. ◉ Cozen test. Answer: Tests: Lateral Epicondylitis Positive: Pain at lateral epicondyle Action: Stabilize elbow at 90°; patient makes fist, pronates, radially deviates, and extends wrist against resistance. ◉ Mill test. Answer: Tests: Lateral Epicondylitis Positive: Pain at lateral epicondyle Action: Passively pronating forearm, flexing wrist, and extending elbow.
Action: Patient vigorously shakes hands or flicks wrists. ◉ Reverse Phalen test. Answer: Tests: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Positive: Reproduction of median nerve symptoms Action: Patient places hands in prayer position (max extension) for 60 s. ◉ Supination lift test. Answer: Tests: Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) Injury Positive: Pain or clicking along TFCC Action: Forearms supinated, wrists under table; lift up against table. ◉ Press test. Answer: Tests: TFCC Injury Positive: Pain along the TFCC Action: Patient pushes up from chair on hand rests (wrist extension). ◉ Ulnar fovea sign. Answer: Tests: TFCC Injury Positive: Very painful Action: Deep palpation at ulnar snuff box or fovea in supination. ◉ Snuff box tenderness. Answer: Tests: Scaphoid Fracture
Positive: Pain and tenderness Action: Patient UDs and extends thumb; PT palpates scaphoid in snuffbox. ◉ Thumb grind test. Answer: Tests: Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) of 1st MCP/CMC Positive: Pain Action: Axial load through 1st MCP joint and rotation. ◉ Watson test (Scaphoid shift test). Answer: Tests: Scapholunate Instability Positive: Painful shift of scaphoid with clunk Action: Wrist brought from full UD/extension to RD/flexion while pressing on scaphoid tubercle. ◉ Murphy sign. Answer: Tests: Lunate Dislocation Positive: 3rd metacarpal head appears the same height as others (not higher) Action: Have patient make a fist; look at knuckles. ◉ Finkelstein test. Answer: Tests: de Quervain Tenosynovitis Positive: Pain over 1st dorsal tunnel (APL/EPB) Action: Patient flexes thumb within fingers; PT performs passive UD.
Positive: Little finger remains abducted Action: Fingers spread apart; patient tries to squeeze them back together. ◉ Trendelenburg sign. Answer: Tests: Gluteus Medius Weakness Positive: Contralateral pelvis drops Action: Patient stands on one leg. ◉ FABER (Figure 4) test. Answer: Tests: Hip Joint Dysfunction / SI Joint Positive: Pain; inability to lower knee Action: Foot on opposite leg proximal to knee; lower test-leg knee. ◉ FADDIR test. Answer: Tests: Anterior Labral Tears / Impingement Positive: Pain; apprehension Action: Passive flexion, abduction, ER into slight flexion, adduction, and IR. ◉ Hip scour (Grind test). Answer: Tests: DJD of hip joint Positive: Deep pain, clicking Action: Flex/adduct hip; axial compression while moving into abduction arc.
◉ Craig test. Answer: Tests: Femoral Anteversion/Retroversion Positive: <8° (retroversion); >15° (anteversion) Action: Prone, knee 90°; palpate GT while rotating until parallel to table. ◉ Piriformis test (FAIR). Answer: Tests: Piriformis Syndrome / Sciatica Positive: Pain; sciatica Action: Side-lying, top hip flexed 60°, knee flexed; passive IR and adduction. ◉ Thomas test. Answer: Tests: Hip Flexor Tightness Positive: Flat leg lifts (hip flexors); flat leg abducts (J sign - ITB) Action: Supine; nontest leg held knee-to-chest, test leg flat. ◉ ULNT1. Answer: Tests: Median nerve; AION; C5, C6, C7 roots Positive: Reproduction of symptoms Action: Shoulder depression/abduction (110°), wrist extension, finger/thumb extension, forearm supination, shoulder ER, elbow extension. ◉ ULNT2. Answer: Tests: Median, Musculocutaneous, Axillary nerves
Positive: Reproduction of symptoms Action: Supine; hip flexion, knee extension, ankle neutral. ◉ SLR2. Answer: Tests: Tibial nerve Positive: Reproduction of symptoms Action: Hip flexion, ankle DF, foot eversion, toe extension. ◉ SLR3. Answer: Tests: Sural nerve Positive: Reproduction of symptoms Action: Hip flexion, ankle DF, foot inversion. ◉ SLR4. Answer: Tests: Common peroneal nerve Positive: Reproduction of symptoms Action: Hip flexion/medial rotation, ankle PF, foot inversion. ◉ Crossed SLR (SLR5). Answer: Tests: Nerve root (disc prolapse) Positive: Symptoms in the opposite (involved) leg Action: SLR performed on the "well" or uninvolved leg. ◉ Upper Limb Tension Tests. Answer: ■ Always test good side first ■ Start with shoulder, followed by forearm, wrist, fingers, and elbow last (because of its
large range of motion [ROM]) ■ Can add contralateral cervical spine (CS) side bending or flexion to further "sensitize" joints ■ Maintain constant depression force on shoulders ■ Contraindications: ● Cauda equina syndrome or spinal cord (SC) lesion ● Neurological signs in acute phase or worsening ◉
