Artificial Intelligence
(Part 1a)
Overview of AI history
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Artificial Intelligence: An Overview of History and Key Concepts, Lecture notes of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Notes from UTM
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2018/2019
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Artificial Intelligence
(Part 1a)
Overview of AI history
Course Contents
Again..Selected topics for our course. Covering all of AI is impossible! Key topics include: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) Knowledge Representation and Search Introduction to AI Programming Problem Solving Using Search Exhaustive Search Algorithm Heuristic Search Techniques and Mechanisms of Search Algorithm Knowledge Representation Issues and Concepts Strong Method Problem Solving Reasoning in Uncertain Situations Soft Computing and Machine Learning
Oral Quiz
Ayah Magi mempunyai
5 orang anak, Nana Nini Nene Nono.. Siapakah nama anak kelimanya?
50 years of
Artificial
Intelligence
Early AI Hopes and Dreams
Make programs that exhibit similar signs of
intelligence as people: prove theorems, play chess, have a conversation
Learning from experience was considered
important
Logical reasoning was key
The research agenda was geared towards building
“general problem solvers”
There was a lot of hope that natural language could
be easily understood and processed
50 years later: DARPA Grand Challenge
DARPA (agency), offered a $2 million prize for
US military research funding an automated
driving competition (autonomous, driverless)
Task: Drive through the Nevada desert 132
miles, start and finish specified the morning of
the competition, with no input from any human
2004 competition, none finished, the best robot
car (CMU Red Team) crashed after 7.36 miles
2005 competition, 5 robots (out of 23) finished
the race
The winning robot, Stanley (from Stanford Univ.)
finished in 6 hours 54 minutes.
Stanley
Built based on a Volkswagen car
An array of sensors: cameras, laser range
finders, radar, GPS
Probabilistic reasoning and machine learning
algorithms are the heart of the software
The robot is capable of assessing how good
the data is, based on prior training
What is AI?
Quick Answers from Academia
Modeling human cognition using computers
The study of problems that other CS folks do not yet know how to do
Cool stuff!!!
Game playing agents, machine learning, data mining, speech, language, vision, web agents, chatbots, robots, ...
Useful stuff!!!
Medical diagnosis, fraud detection, genome analysis, object identification, space shuttle scheduling, information retrieval, ...
What should AI Systems Do?
Goals of AI
Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally
AI as acting humanly --- as typified by the Turing test AI as thinking humanly --- cognitive science. AI as thinking rationally --- as typified by logical approaches. AI as acting rationally --- the intelligent agent approach.
Acting Humanly
Emphasis on how to tell that a machine is intelligent, not on how to make it intelligent, when can we count a machine as being intelligent? “Can machines think?” “Can machines behave intelligently?”
Most famous response due to Alan Turing, British mathematician and computing pioneer:
Thinking Humanly
Try to understand how the mind works; how
do we think?
Two possible routes to find answers:
by introspection -- we figure it out ourselves!
by experiment -- draw upon techniques of
psychology to conduct controlled experiments.
(“Rat in a box”!)
The discipline of cognitive science :
particularly influential in vision , natural
language processing , and learning.
Human vs Machine Thinking (I)
Expert systems -- AI success story in early 80's.
Human expert's knowledge and experience is passed to a computer program Rule-based representation of knowledge Typical domains are: medicine (INTERNIST, MYCIN,... ) geology (PROSPECTOR) chemical analysis (DENDRAL) configuration of computers (R1)
Thinking humanly works