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red = name and mechanism of reaction pink = reagents blue = condition and catalyst green = by-products purple = if use methylbenzene instead of benzene
0 =^ C - OH low^ ph^ isoelectric^ point^ high^ pH
Br (^) Is No, Ps R (^) - Ht R (^) - OH- R (^) further (^) ox I (^) I mild (^) ox (^) agent theat d (^) HzNt -^ C^ - COOHHzNt- C^ -^100 =^ HN - C -^ COO^ + (^) H20 * (^) 2 (H (^) -
Fehling's/Tollen's
t it^
~ protonation^ +^ HBr^ ①^ charged ion zwitterion O charged ion
dilute acid I
& &
ox agent
(e. heat g. HCL) +^ HUR (^) Phy (^1) NO2 R R (^) X further^ Ox O = (^) c - Okt H^ I^ O^ H^ o^ RiI^ O & C^ -^ C^ + 2(0) acd^.^ KMnOy/Of
- > CCO
,
- 24 20 acd. (^) Keryof ↑ N^ N^
- c - c - C - C HG Is H OH^ Ni H^ OH t
as (^) t + (^) 2HBr Nos (^) H i O R (^2) O ↑ ~ not (^) alkaline - H I n -^ c^ n - c M KMnU4^ ↓^3 +^ Hy (^8) H
OH
S Br H OH
if (^) methy Ibenzene CH3 S^ S Add-Eli: j & If
"
is Ox CH 2 CH3 &^ &^ Re Im = alkyl groups o^ -
↑ (^) - not sn (^) and hyd^ compo^ hyd compo Hy
- (^) HC) R -^ C - a "Sandy o · ConCHC)
- H (^) , 0 - H (^) , 0 ↑
- (^) H (^) > 0 - H I ↑ ①nucleophilic attack^ :^ R^ -^ C C
- >
- ↑^ amide bt ~ HUR -peptide
- (^) ~..
R O R O H H
I (^) I I N -^ C^ -^ C -NH H^ OH · O Il
EXESA To get and ty cat near = -Miyofcons. Ho & HG0p
270c
-^68 TNHz H (^) RI, bond
H
~- -N
+ 2H
> (^0) dipeptide
Tripeptide ②^ elimination:^
R - C - > (^) ↑ - C^ Il^ +^ HCL
C - CHz CH
Es
/Nitra Hopthat (^) C & H depro (^) & ↑ (^) xet NaOH^ (aq) amino^ acids^ P((5-1S) H g "NostCoNo ~^ - bt OH
- (^) HC) > Els//FCA) +^ acylchloride +^ anh^ ACCI> cat +^ heat genet
: + 2Hz
+ POCIs +^ HC
(e. g. CHz (Hy(0()
NHz sub^ P(1s(1)^ +^ heat^
- & e. g. (^) Els//Haloge of arenes CHyCHy- & CHz(Hz
ES:
OH Ch gt (^) Aj
SOClz(II
↑ g Dgenerating :^ Br-Br^ + AlBVz -^ >^ Bot^ +^ (AlBry]
-^ + S02 + (^) HC) (^) Add-Eli /H diazotization dilute all Add - Eli +^ Hyd +^ H20 +^ room (^) temp (^) CHyCHz-^ C^ - 0 - ② (^) electrophilic attack : X wid (^) & CH2CH
= NC
HNO ↑ "** Brominatin By aghtroom i
mo
+ HzPOz
· h from
Mr
o
res
-CHzCSH
Gre -^ 4He 160 con) <^18
+ HC) + H()
e-D benzenediazonium
& (^) restoring aromacity : D in (^) Chloride ↑ 2H28 (^) room me c (Hy(H) -^ - q
+ H
- > by heterolytic (^) cleavage + Ht 2 of^ the^ C-Hbond^ ,^ so^ e^ My Hyd+Ho theat
oupling X
SHBr
! go intoa^ bonding system "By OH (^) OH Ne^ s^ My^ Damines ↑ I E I Not (^) M ↑^ Ch (^) · passony
is
to g
Br NA
-CHy
He
dilute HNO (^) 199)
room time
&
L
·
+ H C
H ~ CHzCHy- - CHz +^ +^ x Noz (^) ⑳^ Els//^ Nitra N N L lamine OH
Con)Hoylag1+ room
temp
: ami
H (^) - O Y =^ dit O I All Promination +^ Brylagl
+^ room
temp.
azodye
intree CHz (Hy
CHz +^ HC
-Nl 02N (^) NOz S Falkon
+ HC de
A V it (^) 30amide H ammonium
No 2 + HC
· g 20amide
I H^2 Ht
G (^) HsN CHzCHz-P-NH ,
- Ht , R- E G
- (^) R -^ H C (^) CH3 - N-
- c^
- O yellow azo (^) dye W^ agreous OH Br OH (^) I Re^ LiA)Hy^ in^ dry^ ether > lamine H O acid & Br ~ quat CHzCHz-CEN OR (^) Hz (g) +^ Ni^ cat (^1) CHzCHz-P-NH-H
/ Hyd + HUR
ethanolic solution amide R^ -^ C
- (^) 3HBr of^ excess (^) NHz + (^) HUP (^) NHR' carboxylate
+ NHyC
aqueous ion Br (^) CHzCHzCHz NS > 2 amine^ alkali & (^) R - C · O ↑ OH Il ethandicsolution+upine Stain -
red = name and mechanism of reaction pink = reagents blue = condition and catalyst green = by-products incomplete combustion^ :^ complete^ combustion^ : Free-radical substitution CHyCHz(Hz + (^70) ,^ -320^ +^ 4H28 +^ C^ ~ CHzCHzCHz +^50 ,
- > 3(0 +^ 4H M amine & CHzCHy CHzNHz +^ HBr^ alkanenitrile^ > D (^) initiation CE, 24 · ③ (^) termination ofHy +^ =(^ + > (^) C1CH
limited excesso
, 19)^
110 amine
CHzCHzCHeCN +^ kBr^ N
Oy 191 ⑧
CHzCHz (^) CHz->^ CHyCHz +^3 (HzC = CH2)
② (^) propagation (^) CHz-CHz +^ ·()^ -^ >^ ·^ CH^ >CHz +^ HC) · CHyCHz +^ o CHyCHz -^ > CHyCHzCHzCHy ethane ethene^ ethanolic (^) solution (^) ~
of excess NHS · x + + +
( combustion rang A cat stea T
- (^) HUR NS earpiesbation of test heat
G
·
CHz-C
- O - CHz free-rad (^) sub +^ Brz/( +^ UV light +^ HBr
Electrophilic addition^ H H
- H & H - C - c - C - H Alkane ~^ Haloalkane ester^ & < H-( -^! ithr^ it CHzCHzCHz (^) CHzCHzCHeBr
Est //Con
Hyd Hzc -^ CH^ =^ -^ -^ oNat^ H-
(^20) major
+ alcohol
+ HO-CH
7 19. 9. CHyOH) +^ Hz8^ ↑ Hiy
product
↓ CHz (^) CHBrCHz +Conc OR^ H2SO4 +heat+^ follow^ by^ A
CHyOH acidification^
H - Br cat
M
CONC HyPO4 Lacid-base St^ j -
pr I H
Salt + He 0 + CO2^ H^
- C ( (^) H - c - C - C - Br · E = acdue ente 3 it (^) it h M
M
1 + HUR +^ dilute^ acid/dilule^ alkali
Il minor ·
CHyCHBrCHzBr
I 12
· -^ Carboxylic acid so Nucleophilic substitution I I
product
↑ (^) -
S CH
CHy or Bra 19 sub (^) T 1) (^) Syl-3 halvalkane (^) HsC - , (^) Hy-t^ + Br- fast S (^) Hs C -^ C^ - OH +^ Bri · e.g. Her
21 PCly +heat
· CHzCHeCOOH redox (^) , salt
HH
I (^) 1) HX//kBr + reactive^ metal^ + Hz (g) : H
H
ConCHzP04 1/H2S04 E^ nu is^ its
forms
z +^ HyPO4 E (^) · Litt (^) CHyCHa (^) CHy(OOH) f I (^) ot I ( It
S
↑
- (^) P(lz I &^ chal carbon add (^) from 2)^ SN2-Phaloalkane^ H^ -c^
- c - H - > - > (^) H - c - C - H
- +^ H() + POCIs E cyanide^ Geri of^ it ⑤ 4)^ So(,^ + - (^4) = metait^ Hyd/NHy(l^ · (^) OH-
+ dilute acid/dilute intermediate
agent e^.^ g
w V HC) a & NHy^ Nucleophilic^ addition^ A L follow^ by H^
- CN
Alkene < Alcohol ~
- (^) H, 0 acidification O I Ot (^) j - OH Ela//Hydration +^ hot^ steam^ (H20(g1) +^ conc^. HzPOp cat +^ heat i ↑ HyS (^) - to^ - > Hsl-C-EN -^ >^ Hy)-I^
CH2 & Eli//Dehydration +^ (alcohol^ vapours^ +^ hot^ cat^ of^ Also, Powder^ CHzCHzCHiOH^ ot ⑧ Hvocr it H
+ H20 or concacide. g.
HsPO4 Hydroxynitriles^ ① (^) nucleophilic attack ② (^) protonation
theat^ Haloalkane
Nail tion^ PHH 10 ,^20 alcohol^ ox^ : S I^ Creo-^ :^ orange ->^ green
2 , 4 - DNPH AgNOs
(aq) test^ +^ followed^ by^ NHs
⑤ Cr^
- > Cr3t = (^) deep-orange Hs)-P-C-E or (^) Pani , Ppt^ . formed BrackersS AgNOz(99) +^ X(aq) - > (^) AgX(s) +^ No; 199)
dis I (^) I I
or
Mno :^ purple^ ->^ colorless
carbonyl present^ test
Eld Agt(aq) + X^ - (aq) - AgX(S)
⑳ 7 Tppt.^ -^ =^ halide
complete combustion^ :
L
OH USe^1 aldehyde^
and Ketone present
I & 30 dilute conc
-^ jHOnC^ o alcohol^ +^0 -^ >^ (02 +^ H> 8 eventio HzC-C-CH^ OX^ NA^ &^
NHz NHz
C ~ OH^ OH^ H ·acd^ KMn84^ distillation^ Aldehyde HCN^ +^ KCN Testing^
whiteppt =^ CJ 199) dis dis
H - C - C - C - H acd^ KiCryOf^ theat
saldehyde (^) creamppt.^ =^ Bo (^) 199) inso (^) dis ~^ V^ ↓ Ketones carboxylic 50(9)^
- ... it (^) i it as Ketone
L + HUR^ +^ H^ , O
~ CHzCHzCOH +^ H ,^0 Methyl Ketone + (^) co (^) alcohol Fehling solution^ -^ containCr2+^ -
pale yellowppt. = I lag ) inso inso
acid +... 1 , 2-did
~ iodoform//tri-iodomethane^ /CHIs^ aldehyde *^ Carboxylic acid (^) Tollen's (^) reagent - contain (^) Ag + L (^) Hy) -^ - CHs neat with > = NaOH (^) (ag)
- W theat NaOH(ag) (^) Fehling solution aldehydeneat (^) withcarboxylic acid *akoxide^ + Hz (9) (^) RCOCHz - ROCIs [u Tollen's (^) reagent silver mirror > RCOGNa + CHIs clear brea-^ = while aldehydea crystallinesolid^ carboxylic^
acid haloge
ppt.^ Agtr^ --aldehyde
effervescence Naz coz^ effervescence =^ (CO)^ yellow^ ppt^.^ formed^ =^ methyl^ ketone^ present^ present
carboxy) present^ +^20 alcohol
