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Question 1. Which brain imaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow? A) EEG B) MRI C) PET D) fMRI Answer: D Explanation: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, reflecting neural activity in specific regions during tasks. Question 2. Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the regulation of mood and is targeted by many antidepressants? A) Dopamine B) Serotonin C) GABA D) Acetylcholine Answer: B Explanation: Serotonin plays a key role in mood regulation, and many antidepressants (like SSRIs) increase its availability in the brain. Question 3. Mendelian genetics is based on principles established by which scientist?
A) Charles Darwin B) Gregor Mendel C) Watson and Crick D) Alfred Wallace Answer: B Explanation: Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics for his work on inheritance patterns and the principles of dominant and recessive alleles. Question 4. Which epigenetic mechanism involves chemical modifications to DNA that affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence? A) Mutation B) Methylation C) Translocation D) Crossing-over Answer: B Explanation: DNA methylation adds methyl groups to DNA, influencing gene expression epigenetically without altering the underlying sequence. Question 5. Which class of psychotropic medications is primarily used to treat schizophrenia? A) Antidepressants B) Mood stabilizers
Answer: B Explanation: The cerebellum plays a crucial role in coordinating voluntary movements, balance, and motor learning. Question 8. Which brain area is most closely associated with language comprehension? A) Broca’s area B) Wernicke’s area C) Motor cortex D) Prefrontal cortex Answer: B Explanation: Wernicke’s area is essential for understanding language, whereas Broca’s area is involved in language production. Question 9. A twin study showing higher concordance rates for a trait in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins suggests what? A) Environmental influence B) Genetic influence C) Random variation D) Cultural influence Answer: B Explanation: Higher concordance in monozygotic twins indicates a genetic contribution to the trait, as they share more genetic material.
Question 10. Which medication class is commonly used as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder? A) SSRIs B) Lithium C) Benzodiazepines D) Antipsychotics Answer: B Explanation: Lithium is a classic mood stabilizer used to regulate mood swings in bipolar disorder. Question 11. Which endocrine gland secretes cortisol? A) Thyroid gland B) Pituitary gland C) Adrenal cortex D) Pineal gland Answer: C Explanation: The adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, especially during stress, via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Question 12. During REM sleep, which of the following occurs? A) Muscle atonia
D) Perceptual organization Answer: D Explanation: Perceptual organization encompasses principles like proximity, similarity, and closure that help us perceive unified objects. Question 15. Which model of attention describes a limited-capacity system where controlled processing requires conscious effort? A) Broadbent’s filter model B) Treisman’s attenuation model C) Capacity theory of attention D) Automatic processing model Answer: C Explanation: The capacity theory suggests attention is a limited resource that must be distributed among tasks requiring conscious effort. Question 16. Classical conditioning was first described by which psychologist? A) B.F. Skinner B) Ivan Pavlov C) Albert Bandura D) Edward Thorndike Answer: B
Explanation: Ivan Pavlov demonstrated classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs and salivation responses. Question 17. Which type of memory is responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information for cognitive tasks? A) Sensory memory B) Long-term memory C) Working memory D) Procedural memory Answer: C Explanation: Working memory temporarily holds and processes information needed for complex tasks like reasoning and learning. Question 18. Which brain areas are primarily involved in language production and comprehension respectively? A) Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas B) Prefrontal and occipital lobes C) Motor cortex and sensory cortex D) Amygdala and hippocampus Answer: A Explanation: Broca’s area is involved in language production, and Wernicke’s area is critical for language comprehension.
B) Personal dispositions C) Cultural influences D) Random chance Answer: B Explanation: The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize personal traits and underestimate situational influences when judging others. Question 22. Which conformity experiment is famously associated with Solomon Asch? A) Line length comparison task B) Obedience to authority C) Prison simulation study D) Stanford marshmallow experiment Answer: A Explanation: Asch’s conformity experiments involved participants judging line lengths, demonstrating the influence of group pressure. Question 23. The phenomenon where individuals reduce their effort when working in a group compared to working alone is called: A) Groupthink B) Social loafing C) Group polarization
D) Deindividuation Answer: B Explanation: Social loafing occurs when individuals exert less effort in group tasks due to perceived diffusion of responsibility. Question 24. Which theory of attachment emphasizes the importance of a primary caregiver providing a secure base for exploration? A) Psychoanalytic theory B) Evolutionary theory C) Bowlby’s attachment theory D) Erikson’s psychosocial stages Answer: C Explanation: Bowlby’s attachment theory highlights the role of a secure attachment figure in promoting exploration and security. Question 25. Which developmental stage, according to Erik Erikson, involves establishing intimacy and forming close relationships? A) Identity vs. Role confusion B) Trust vs. Mistrust C) Intimacy vs. Isolation D) Generativity vs. Stagnation Answer: C
Question 28. According to Kohlberg, moral development progresses through how many levels? A) Two B) Three C) Four D) Six Answer: B Explanation: Kohlberg’s theory describes three levels of moral development: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Question 29. Which type of developmental disorder is characterized by difficulties with social communication and repetitive behaviors? A) ADHD B) Autism Spectrum Disorder C) Learning disability D) Conduct disorder Answer: B Explanation: Autism Spectrum Disorder involves challenges with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Question 30. In psychological assessment, the reliability of a test refers to: A) The accuracy of the test in measuring what it claims to measure
B) The consistency of test scores over time or across raters C) The extent to which test scores predict future behavior D) The extent to which a test covers all aspects of a construct Answer: B Explanation: Reliability pertains to the consistency and stability of test scores across time, raters, or items. Question 31. The MMPI is primarily used in which type of assessment? A) Intelligence testing B) Personality assessment C) Neuropsychological evaluation D) Vocational testing Answer: B Explanation: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) assesses various personality traits and psychopathology. Question 32. Which classification system is primarily used internationally for mental and behavioral disorders? A) DSM- 5 B) ICD C) Rorschach system D) Stanford-Binet
Question 35. Which brain structure is most associated with the formation of new memories? A) Amygdala B) Hippocampus C) Thalamus D) Cerebellum Answer: B Explanation: The hippocampus is critical for encoding and consolidating new declarative memories. Question 36. Which type of sleep is characterized by low muscle activity and rapid eye movements? A) Non-REM sleep B) Stage 1 sleep C) REM sleep D) Slow-wave sleep Answer: C Explanation: REM sleep involves rapid eye movements, muscle atonia, and heightened brain activity similar to wakefulness. Question 37. Which perceptual phenomenon explains why we perceive a stationary object as moving when the background moves?
A) Motion aftereffect B) Perceptual constancy C) Perceptual illusion D) Motion parallax Answer: D Explanation: Motion parallax is depth perception caused by relative movement of objects, leading stationary objects to appear as moving when background moves. Question 38. Which cognitive process involves mentally rearranging information to solve problems or understand concepts? A) Perception B) Reasoning C) Insight D) Mental manipulation Answer: D Explanation: Mental manipulation refers to the cognitive process of rearranging or transforming information to aid problem-solving. Question 39. The “dual process” theory of thinking suggests that: A) Thinking is entirely automatic and unconscious B) Thinking involves two distinct systems: automatic and controlled C) All decisions are based on logical reasoning
Explanation: Physiological needs (food, water, shelter) form the foundation of Maslow’s hierarchy, being the most basic. Question 42. Which attribution bias involves overestimating dispositional factors and underestimating situational factors when explaining others’ behavior? A) Actor-observer bias B) Fundamental attribution error C) Self-serving bias D) Confirmation bias Answer: B Explanation: Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others’ behaviors mainly to their personality rather than external circumstances. Question 43. In Asch’s conformity experiments, participants conformed primarily because of: A) Fear of punishment B) Desire to be correct C) Desire to fit in with the group D) Lack of confidence in their own perceptions Answer: C Explanation: Participants conformed to group pressures to fit in and avoid social disapproval, demonstrating normative social influence.
Question 44. Which component of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love involves intimacy? A) Passion B) Commitment C) Trust D) Emotional closeness Answer: D Explanation: In Sternberg’s model, intimacy refers to emotional closeness and connectedness between partners. Question 45. Which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development is characterized by developing a sense of trust in caregivers? A) Trust vs. Mistrust B) Autonomy vs. Shame C) Initiative vs. Guilt D) Identity vs. Role Confusion Answer: A Explanation: Trust vs. Mistrust occurs in infancy and involves developing a sense of security and trust in caregivers. Question 46. Which research method involves comparing different age groups at the same point in time? A) Longitudinal study
