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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date 8 /20/2021 Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Truong Dan Truong Student ID GCH Class GCH0908 Assessor name Nguyen Canh Khoa Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Truong Grading grid
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List of tables Table 1-Different between physical topology and logical topology ............................................................ 18 Table 2-Sample bandwidth requirements .................................................................................................... 29
Introduction
With billions of users who connect via laptops, tablets, and smartphones; the internet has become an indispensable part of ours live. It brings a lot of benefits such as providing applications for daily life, providing information, exchanging work...To know more about the internet and handle the tasks in assignment scenario as well as respond learning outcome 1 and 2 in pass level, in this report will consider about below content: +The first chapter will give what network is and benefits and constraints of different network types and standards. +The second chapter is protocol and impact of network topology, communication, and bandwidth requirements. +The third chapter provides operating principles of networking devices and server types +The final chapter refers to the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software.
1 The benefits and constraints of different network types and standards
1.1 Network
- Definition: A network is defined as the connection, which is made up at least two or more device systems. These devices are linked together to share resources (such printers and screen), exchange files, and allow electronic communication. A network's devices can be connected through Ethernet cables, Wi-Fi, radio waves or satellite (Anon., n.d.). Figure 1 - Network
- Data Can Be Centralized: The data of all network users can be saved on the central/server computer's hard disk. This allows users to access necessary data from any computer on a network.
- Increased Safety: Data may be assured to be safe since it is kept on a local server. When the data on the server is updated, all LAN users have access to it. Furthermore, the host has the option to reject or accept users in a specific network, allowing for extra security measures to be implemented.
- Internet sharing: A LAN allows all users on the network to share an internet connection. From a single computer with an internet connection, all linked PCs share an internet connection. This type of infrastructure may be found in both offices and Net coffee.
- Computer Identification: A MAC address is issued to each machine on the LAN for identifying purposes. This address will be used to send and receive data in most cases. These data are saved in modern computers' network adapters, which are connected to the motherboard (Roomi, 2021). Constraints:
- Implementation Cost : Even while LANs save money by sharing resources, the initial cost of building up the network is expensive because the creation of a server necessitates the usage of special software and communication devices like an Ethernet cable, switches, hubs, routers, cables are costly.
- Privacy Violations: The LAN administrator has access to each LAN user's personal data files and can inspect them. He may also view the LAN user's PC and internet history. Therefore, this can lead to Policy violations.
- Security : If a server hard drive is not adequately protected by the LAN administrator, unauthorized users can access vital data of an office or campus.
- Maintenance: Because there are issues such as software installs, program errors, hardware failures, and cable disruptions in Local Area Network, a LAN Administrator who is good at field of network is required to maintain LAN to be stable operation.
- Limited Area Coverage: LANs are just used in small spaces like businesses, banks, and schools because its cabling system can only be stretched a limited distance (Roomi, 2020).
1.1.2 Metropolitan area network (MAN)
Definition: A MAN network is a network model that is connected to many LANs together. The connection range is in a wide area, like in a city. The main users of the MAN network model are organizations and businesses that have many branches or departments connected (Sze, 1985). Figure 3 - Metropolitan area network (MAN) Benefits:
- Less Costly: Connecting a MAN to a WAN network is less expensive. MAN allows you to get the most out of your data. On MAN, all data can be easily consolidated and controlled.
- Sending local emails: The MAN users are easy to send local emails quickly and without restriction.
- High Speed: Because MAN employs fiber optics, data speeds can easily approach 1000 Mbps. The transmission of files and databases is quick.
- Internet sharing: Like WAN, MAN users can share their internet connection. Multiple people can enjoy the same high-speed internet connection in this way.
- Easy to convert LAN to MAN: A MAN is a network that combines two or more LAN networks. As a result, it is a more efficient method of connecting two LAN networks. The quick setup of connections makes this feasible.
- Centralized Data: Everyone may exchange data among all the devices on the network and can get updated files and data from the servers by using a wide area network (WAN).
- Assured Uptime: WANs provide assured uptime. uptime of WAN is mostly unstopped. As the result, it ensures all stable work
- Boosts your privacy: You may transmit sensitive data across all of your locations without having to send it over the Internet by using a WAN. Encrypting your data before transmitting it over your WAN adds an extra layer of protection to any sensitive data you're delivering.
- Increases bandwidth: When it comes to building corporate WANS, leased lines are commonly used instead of broadband connections. Therefore, upload speeds will be unlimited and higher than normal broadband connections.
- Costs are reduced: By removing the need to rent expensive ISDN lines for phone calls, WANs can save money. Instead, you may transfer them across your WAN (Thomas, 2016). Constraint:
- Costs of Installation : Because of their worldwide reach, WANs are inherently complicated. As a result, they are costly to set up.
- Security: WAN has more security issues than LAN and MAN since it integrates more technologies.
- Disconnection Problems: In certain areas, particularly in rural areas far from the hub, there is no adequate electrical supply or line structure. Therefore, customers are more likely to have disconnection issues.
- Identifying and Resolving Problems: It is hard to pinpoint the specific source of any problems due to the network's broad global spread. The cables of the WAN are also underwater. If such cables break, it may be difficult to repair them since they affect a lot of resources. Besides, a data center that operates 24/7. Therefore, Identifying and Resolving a wide area network (WAN) problem is a challenging undertaking (Roomi, 2020).
1.2 Network protocols
1.2.1 Definition:
For the transmission of data from one electronic device to another, there must be a pre-existing norm for how data will be organized, sent, and received on both sides. Network protocol is collection of rules or procedures for transmitting data between electronic devices, such as computers, smartphone…. (Kurose & Ross, 2020).
Figure 5 - Human protocol and network protocol
- The OSI model : The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a simplified depiction of how the Internet functions. It has seven levels, each of which represents a distinct type of networking function (Li, et al., 2011). Figure 6 - The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
DNS (Domain Name System): DNS consider as phone book of internet. it helps people access the internet without remembering complex IP addresses through converting them to domain names, such as Facebook.com, Greenwich.edu.vn, etc. (Kurose & Ross, 2020) Figure 9 - How DNS works DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): DHCP is a network management protocol. A client device (or DHCP client) joins a network and requests an IP address, such as a laptop. The request is made to a DHCP server. A DHCP server automatically provides each device on a network an IP address and other network configuration parameters so that they can connect with other IP (Kurose & Ross, 2020) Figure 10 - How DHCP works
ICMP: The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a problem-reporting and status-updating protocol. When a router is unable to transport a packet, it will send an ICMP message to the packet's source. (Kurose & Ross, 2020) Figure 11 - How ICMP works
2 The impact of network topology, communication, and bandwidth requirements
2.1 Network topology:
2.1.1 Definition
A topology is a diagram that shows how a network is physically connected as well as the logical flow of data across it. A topology is a description of how devices are connected and interact through communication connections (Javier Espina, 2014). Type of network topology:
- Physical topology: it describes the interconnected structure of a local area network (LAN). The method for connecting physical network devices to cables, as well as the type of cabling employed, determines the physical topology.
- Logical topology: A logical topology is a networking concept that describes the design of a network's communication mechanism for all nodes (Jahejo, 2020).
2.1.2 Different between physical topology and logical topology:
Physical topology Logical topology illustrate physical layout of network. illustrate how data flows within a network. You may alter the layout to suit your needs. you cannot interfere or modify It consists of Star, Ring, Mesh and Bus topologies. It consists of Bus and Ring topologies. Affects the cost, scalability, and bandwidth capacity of the network Affects speed and delivery of data packets. It is the physical connection of the network and represents data transmission It is data path followed of the network and represents data flow. Table 1 - Different between physical topology and logical topology (Marco Picone, 2014)
2.1.3 Some types of common topology include:
Bus topology:
- Definition: All network nodes are directly linked to a single cable. To avoid signal loss, the cable contains terminators on both ends (Singh, 2019).
Figure 12 - Bus Topology
- Advantages: +It is simple to add or delete devices from a network without impacting other devices. +There will be no impact on other devices or the network if a computer or device fails. +When compared to alternative network topologies such as mesh and star, cable costs less. +Topology is easy to understand how it operate.
- it's uncomplicated to extend because there is only single cable that connect network nodes together (Singh, 2019)
- Disadvantages: +It is difficult to locate network problems in the event of any device failure. +The performance of the network reduces when the topology expands +Because of using a single cable, the entire system will fail if the backbone cable is damaged. +Because only one computer sends data at a time, it is not fast speed. +The cable's length is restricted.
- The use of terminators is required to avoid signal loss.
- Because all computers get the transmitted signal from the source, it gives very little security. (Jahejo, 2020) Star topology
- Definition: All other nodes directly connected to a single access point or switch in the center (Manuel Barranco, 2006).
