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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title^13 : Website Design & Development Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name TRAN QUOC ANH Student ID BH Class SE06206 Assessor name NGUYEN THI HONG HANH Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature QUANH Grading grid P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 M3 D
Summative Feedback: Resubmission Feedback:
Grade: Assessor Signature: Date: Signature & Date:
- I. SERVER TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT SERVICES
- A. Identify the purpose and types of DNS
- Defenition
- The purpose of DNS
- How DNS Works
- DNS Types
- B. How domain names are organised and managed
- What is domain name?
- Purpose
- How does domain name work?
- C. Communication protocols
- Definition
- What is the purpose of communication protocols?
- Why are communication protocols important?
- What is communication protocol and its types?
- Popular communication protocol
- D. Server hardware
- Definition
- The purpose of Server hardware
- Types of server hardware
- Server hardware architecture
- E. Operating systems
- What is an operating system?
- The purpose of Operating systems
- Types of operating systems
- Common operating systems
- F. Web server software
- What is a web server ?...........................................................................................................................
- How does a web server work?
- The purpose of Web server software
- Popular Web server
- website. G. The relationship between technologies above with regards to designing, publishing and accessing a
- The function
- Relationship between them
- II. WEBSITE TECHNOLOGIES, TOOLS AND SOFTWARE
- A. The capabilities and relationships between front-end and back-end website technologies
- The capabilities and relationships
- The Difference between Frontend and Backend...................................................................................
- B. How these relate to presentation and application layers
- Presentation layer..................................................................................................................................
- Frontend (client-side) Application Layer
- Backend (server-side) Application Layer
- Sumary
- C. Review Front End technologies.....................................................................................................................
- React
- Vue.js......................................................................................................................................................
- Angular
- D. Review Back End technologies
- E. Review Databases
- Definition
- What is Structured Query Language (SQL)?
- Evolution of the database
- Types of databases
- F. Review IDEs
- Definition
- Visual Studio Code
- Visual Studio
- G. Review CMS
- What is a Content Management System (CMS)?
- How Does a Content Management System Work?
- What Makes up a Content Management System?
- Popular Content Management System (CMS)
- H. Online creation tool...................................................................................................................................
- Definition
- Wix (Best All-Around Website Builder)..................................................................................................
- I. Custom built website
- J. Comparison table between online creation tools and custom built websites
- III. EVALUATE OR CRITICALLY REVIEW TECHNICAL NOTES ON ALL OF THE EXPECTED TOPICS
- A. Influence of common web development technologies and frameworks
- improving a site’s index value and rank through search engine optimisation. B. Review the influence of search engines on website performance and provide evidence-based support for
- Concept of search engine
- Concept of SEO
- Technical solution(s) to improve website index based on SEO
- IV. JUSTIFYING THE TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES CHOSEN TO REALIZE A CUSTOM BUILD WEBSITE
- A. Overview
- B. Website tools and techniques
- Front end................................................................................................................................................
- Back end
- Visual studio code
- V. References........................................................................................................................................................
- Figure 1: DNS Table of Figure
- Figure 2: How DNS Works
- Figure 3: How does a DNS query work.....................................................................................................................
- Figure 4: How does a DNS Sever works
- Figure 5: Examples of DNS Record
- Figure 6: Domain names
- Figure 7: Communication protocols.........................................................................................................................
- Figure 8: A server hardware
- Figure 9: A rack sever
- Figure 10: Examples of operating system
- Figure 11: Batch operating systems
- Figure 12: Time Sharing Operating System
- Figure 13: Distributed operating systems
- Figure 14: Network operating systems
- Figure 15: Real-time operating systems
- Figure 16: Examples of Mobile operating systems
- Figure 17: Windows operating systems
- Figure 18: Linux operating systems
- Figure 19: Mac OS X
- Figure 20: Web server
- Figure 21: Web server working
- Figure 22: How Does Apache Web Server Work?
- Figure 23: Comparison Chart between frontend and backend
- Figure 24: Examples of front end technologies
- Figure 25: The logo of React
- Figure 26: The logo of Vue.js
- Figure 27: The logo of Angular
- Figure 28: The logo of JavaScript
- Figure 29: What is node.js used for
- Figure 30: The logo of Python
- Figure 31: What is python used for
- Figure 32: The logo of PHP
- Figure 33: Database
- Figure 34: Visual studio code
- Figure 35: The logo of VS code
- Figure 36: The interface of VS code
- Figure 37: The logo of Visual studio
- Figure 38: Content Management System (CMS)
- Figure 39: WordPress.org.........................................................................................................................................
- Figure 40: HubSpot CMS Hub
- Figure 41: Free website builder
- Figure 42: Information of Wix.com
- Figure 43: Windows support and help on Wix.com.................................................................................................
- Figure 44: Video tutorial on Wix.com
- Figure 45: Figure 59: Youtube
- Figure 46: Examples of search engine......................................................................................................................
- Figure 47: Search engine optimization (SEO)
- Figure 48: Migrate Your Site to HTTPS protocol
- Figure 49: Make Your Website Mobile-Friendly
- Figure 50: Make Your Website Super-Fast
- Figure 51: Create And Optimize XML Sitemaps
- Figure 52: Optimize Internal Links
- Figure 53: VS cod
I. SERVER TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT
SERVICES
A. Identify the purpose and types of DNS
1. Defenition
The Internet's phone book is the Domain Name System (DNS). Domain names such as nytimes.com or espn.com are used by humans to access content on the internet. Through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, web browsers may communicate. In order for browsers to load Internet resources, DNS converts domain names to IP addresses. Every Internet-connected device has an IP address that is specific to it and that other computers may use to locate it. DNS servers remove the requirement for people to learn sophisticated, more recent alphanumeric IP addresses like 2400:cb00:2048:1::c629:d7a2 (in IPv6) or simpler IP addresses like 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4).
2. The purpose of DNS
DNS is used to convert a domain name into the corresponding IP address. This is accomplished by examining the requesting domain's DNS records. The information journey from the original web browser to the DNS server and back is followed in the eight phases that make up this DNS lookup procedure. In real life, DNS data is frequently cached to speed up DNS lookup responses. The eight-step lookup procedure is as follows if the DNS data is not cached: The eight steps in a DNS lookup:
- A user enters a domain name (e.g., facebook.com) into their browser, and the browser sends the query via their internet service provider isp to a DNS recursive resolver.
- The DNS recursive resolver, in turn, sends a query to the root DNS nameserver (.)
- The root server returns to the resolver the address of the top-level domain (i.e., “TLD”) DNS root server, which has the needed information for the facebook.com domain. (Examples of a top- level domain tld include “.com”, “.net”, and “.org,” which each TLD having it’s own root DNS server.)
- In turn, the resolver then sends the information request to the Top-Level Domain server (In this case, the “.com” TLD nameserver). Figure 1 : DNS
4. DNS Types
a) DNS Query Figure 3 : How does a DNS query work Recursive Query: When a DNS client submits a recursive query with a hostname, the DNS Resolver "must" respond with the hostname's resource record or an error message if it cannot be found. The resolver starts a recursive query process, starting with the DNS Root Server and going all the way to the Authoritative Name Server (see DNS Server Types below for more details on Authoritative Name Servers), which is where the IP address and other details for the requested hostname are found. Iterative Query: When a DNS client sends an iterative query with a hostname, the DNS Resolver responds as best it can. If the relevant DNS records are in its cache, the DNS resolver returns them. The Root Server or another Authoritative Name Server that is nearest to the relevant DNS zone is referred to by the DNS client if this is not the case. After that, the DNS client needs to retry the query against the DNS server it was directed to. Non-Recursive Query: A query for which the DNS Resolver already knows the answer is considered non- recursive. Either it asks a DNS Name Server that is authoritative for the record, proving that it has the correct IP address for that hostname, or it returns a DNS record fast since it already has it in local cache. In all cases, more rounds of questions are not necessary (such as in recursive or iterative queries). Instead, the client gets a prompt response.
b) DNS Servers DNS Resolver: In order to process DNS queries with a human-readable hostname, such "www.example.com," a DNS resolver, also known as a recursive resolver, is responsible for locating the IP address linked to that hostname. DNS Root Server: The root server is the initial stage in the process of going from a hostname to an IP address. The DNS Root Server determines the Top Level Domain (TLD) from the user's query — for example, www.example.com — and gives information for the.com TLD Name Server. In turn, the server will offer information for domains in the.com DNS zone, such as "example.com.". Worldwide, 13 root servers, denoted by the letters A through M, are administered by organizations such as the Internet Systems Consortium, Verisign, ICANN, the University of Maryland, and the United States Army Research Lab. Authoritative DNS Server: Higher level DNS servers determine which DNS server is the "authoritative" name server for a certain hostname, which means it has the most up-to-date information for that hostname. The last stop in the name server query is the Authoritative Name Server, which accepts the hostname and delivers the proper IP address to the DNS Resolver (or if it cannot find the domain, returns the message NXDOMAIN). Figure 4 : How does a DNS Sever works
B. How domain names are organised and managed
1. What is domain name?
The Domain Name System (DNS) uses domain names, or host names, to locate and map to websites and other Internet Protocol (IP) resources. Comparing street names to domain names is a reasonable parallel. Street names are important since they make navigating easier. The streets' actual locations, however, are represented by the IP addresses. Figure 6 : Domain names An internet user's navigation is made easier by the Domain Name scheme (DNS), a hierarchical naming scheme. An advanced series of digits known as a "IP address" (which stands for "Internet Protocol") is assigned to every Internet-connected device, including computers. This address is distinct and functions similarly to a phone number. The DNS makes Internet access easier by enabling a string of letters (the "domain name") to be used instead of a complex IP address, as IP addresses are hard to remember. Do not enter 304.252.198.1; instead, try www.domaintools.com. It's a "mnemonic" device that helps with address remember. Within the Domain Name System, domain names are organized into subdomains, which are tiers below the base domain. The first-level group of domain names known as top-level domains (TLDs) consists of country code top- level domains (ccTLDs) and generic top-level domains (gTLDs), such as.com,.net, and.org. The ccTLDs, such as.fr or.au, are shown to the right of the dot in the cases of google.fr and google.com.au. Top-level domains in the DNS system are second- and third-level domain names like Google and DomainTools. End users can often reserve these domains in order to host web pages, establish publicly accessible Internet resources, and link the Internet to local area networks. Second level domains often provide the name of the organization and/or are descriptive of the service offered, whilst third level domains are used to point to a specific server inside an organization.
2. Purpose
Domain names function as easily recognizable names for users of the Internet, including computers, networks, and services. A resource for Internet Protocol (IP) is identified by its domain name. Domain names are used as host IDs or hostnames by individual Internet host systems. With no subordinate domain namespace, hosts are the leaf labels of the domain name system. In Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), hostnames are a component for Internet resources like websites (e.g. en.ictea.com).
Domain Names are used for different purposes, including application-specific naming, addressing, and in various networking contexts to establish:
- Identification of hostnames and hosts is simple: Hostnames are used in Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) for Internet resources such as websites. The www in www.google.com, for example, is a third level domain,.com is a top level domain, and google is a second level domain.
- Names that are easy to remember: Domain names are useful since they are easily remembered. Books.com, for example, is easier to remember than the Internet Protocol (IP) address 65.204.48.126.
3. How does domain name work?
Domain names are important because they allow computers to locate the server where your website is stored. The website files may then be accessed from that server, allowing users to visit your site through their browsers. However, in order to properly comprehend this procedure, you must first grasp what an IP address is and how the Domain Name System allows computers to transform domain names into IP addresses.
C. Communication protocols
1. Definition
Formal specifications of digital communications formats and rules are known as protocols. They have to communicate with one another and with other computer systems. In order to ensure message consistency and universality in telecommunications networks and other systems, communication protocols are essential. Protocols for communication can involve authentication, error detection and correction, and signaling. In addition, they may characterize the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of analog and digital communications. Communications protocols are implemented in hardware and software. There are thousands of communications protocols that are used everywhere in analog and digital communications. Computer networks cannot exist without them.
2. What is the purpose of communication protocols?
A communication protocol is a collection of guidelines that permits any variation in physical amount to be used for information transmission between two or more entities in a communications system. The protocol outlines the different error recovery techniques as well as the synchronization, syntax, semantics, and communication requirements. Figure 7 : Communication protocols
Errors or data loss may happen when the data is being sent. For handling such scenarios, TCP has an error- checking and recovery mechanism.To exchange messages within a network, TCP packet headers must include source and destination port information due to the protocol's usage of direct connections.
D. Server hardware
1. Definition
The term "server hardware" refers to the CentralSquare-provided computer hardware that has the Licensed Software installed on it, is connected to a local area network, and is run by administrative software that restricts access to certain areas of the network and its resources while allowing computers functioning as network workstations to access them.
2. The purpose of Server hardware
Pre-boot memory checks and remote management services are commonly performed by servers. The drives are then started progressively rather than all at once by the hard-drive controllers. With incremental starting, the objective is not to overwhelm the power supply. They next go to a RAID system, which necessitates testing to ensure the backup device's proper functionality. When compared to a computer, which merely takes a few minutes to boot up, this procedure can take a lengthy time. It is possible that the server will not need to be restarted for months or years. Many server hardware configurations require a significant amount of time to boot and load the operating system.
3. Types of server hardware
Tower servers: A tower server is housed in an upright, stand-alone cabinet, similar to a tower-style PC. Because of their low component density, these servers give the benefit of easier cooling. They are also quite affordable, making them a viable solution for small firms with limited resources. Tower servers, on the other hand, require more room than other server kinds. Figure 8 : A server hardware
Rack servers: A rack server, as the name implies, is intended to be installed on a server rack in a data center. Rack servers frequently function as all-purpose computer nodes in data centers, serving a wide range of applications. Blade servers: A blade server is a small device that holds a number of thin, modular circuit boards known as server blades. Each blade houses a single server, which is typically dedicated to a single application. Because blade servers are often dedicated, administrators have better control over how they are accessed and data is transmitted between devices. Hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI): Compute power, storage, and hypervisor technology are all combined into one integrated system by HCI systems, which are designed to offer a more straightforward substitute for traditional IT infrastructure. An entry-level data center engineer should be able to finish the duties of basic hardware setup, hypervisor deployment, and software-defined storage implementation with a standard hyper- convergence offering in about an hour. Products from vendors include setup wizards to collect the necessary data. Most of the implementation procedures are automated. Mainframes : In the nineties, it was projected that client-server designs would kill mainframes; nonetheless, these expensive servers are still in use today. Modern mainframes are capable of managing heavy I/O loads and several concurrent transactions without compromising performance. Financial services companies that conduct concurrent, real-time transactions are typical mainframe customers. The size and expense of mainframes are their primary drawbacks.
4. Server hardware architecture
The motherboard, CPU, random access memory (RAM), and storage are critical components of server hardware design. The motherboard is located in the core of the server and serves as the primary nexus via which system components are connected and external devices are attached. The most common varieties of motherboards are Advanced Technology Extended and Low Profile Extension, with Balance Technology Extended, Pico BTX, and Mini Information Technology Extended motherboards addressing the demands of smaller form factors. The motherboard houses the processor, sometimes referred to as the central processing unit (CPU). The CPU is made up of the registers, cache memory, floating point unit, and arithmetic logic unit. A server may have a graphics Figure 9 : A rack sever
- Program Execution: The Operating System is responsible for execution of all types of programs whether it be user programs or system programs. The Operating System utilises various resources available for the efficient running of all types of functionalities.
- Handling Input/Output Operations: The Operating System is responsible for handling all sort of inputs, i.e, from keyboard, mouse, desktop, etc. The Operating System does all interfacing in the most appropriate manner regrading all kind of Inputs and Outputs.
- For example, there is difference in nature of all types of peripheral devices such as mouse or keyboard, then Operating System is responsible for handling data between them.
- Manipulation of File System: The Operating System is responsible for making of decisions regarding the storage of all types of data or files, i.e, floppy disk/hard disk/pen drive, etc. The Operating System decides as how the data should be manipulated and store
- Error Detection and Handling: The Operating System is responsible for detection of any types of error or bugs that can occur while any task. The well secured OS sometimes also acts as countermeasure for preventing any sort of breach to the Computer System from any external source and probably handling them.
- Resource Allocation: The Operating System ensures the proper use of all the resources available by deciding which resource to be used by whom for how much time. All the decisions are taken by the Operating System.
- Accounting: The Operating System tracks an account of all the functionalities taking place in the computer system at a time. All the details such as the types of errors occurred are recorded by the Operating System.
- Information and Resource Protection: The Operating System is responsible for using all the information and resources available on the machine in the most protected way. The Operating System must foil an attempt from any external resource to hamper any sort of data or information.
3. Types of operating systems
a) Batch operating systems Figure 11 : Batch operating systems The batch operating system has no direct connection to the computer. A separate method splits and assigns comparable work into batches for faster processing and response. The batch operating system is best suited for time-consuming and extensive processes. Each user prepares their duties offline and submits them to an operator to prevent slowing down a gadget. The following are some of the benefits of employing a batch operating system:
- Many users can share batch systems.
- There is little idle time for batch operating systems.
- It becomes possible to manage large workloads.
- It's easy to estimate how long a task will take to be completed. Some notable disadvantages are:
- Batch operating systems are challenging to debug.
- Any failure of the system creates a backlog.
- It may be costly to install and maintain good batch operating systems. Batch operating systems are used for tasks such as managing payroll systems, data entry and bank statements. b) Time-sharing or multitasking operating systems Figure 12 : Time Sharing Operating System The time-sharing operating system, often known as a multitasking OS, operates by dedicating time to a specific job and regularly switching between activities. In contrast to the batch system, the time-sharing system allows users to perform their work in the system at the same time. It enables many users to be dispersed across several terminals to reduce response time. The following are some of the potential benefits of time-sharing operating systems:
- There's a quick response during task performance.
- It minimizes the idle time of the processor.
- All tasks get an equal chance of being accomplished.
- It reduces the chance of software duplication. Some potential disadvantages of this system are:
- The user's data security might be a problem.
- System failure can lead to widespread failures.
- Problems in data communication may arise.
- The integrity of user programs is not assured. Examples of time-sharing operating systems include Multics and Unix.
