Download ASU BIO 181 Exam 2: Questions and Answers on Cellular and Molecular Biology and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
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Specifically in a cell where does Glycolysis occur? - ✔✔Cytoplasm T/F The cell does not need ATP to survive. - ✔✔False Where is carbon dioxide produced? - ✔✔Mitochondrial matrix T/F The citric acid/Kreb's cycle breaks down carbohydrates into CO2. - ✔✔True T/F FADH2 results as one of the products of the citric acid cycle. - ✔✔True Specifically where in a cell does the citric acid/Kreb's cycle occur? - ✔✔Mitochondrial Matrix Glycolysis requires the investment of two_________ in order to obtain a gross output of four ________.
- ✔✔ATP, ATP Does gravity have a role in some part of the lymphatic fluid flow back to the circulatory system? - ✔✔Yes T/F Natural killer cells are part of the specific immune system. - ✔✔False T/F You should have your appendix removed whenever possible. - ✔✔False How does the lymph fluid return from the legs to the circulatory system? - ✔✔A one way valve pushing it up, with the help of muscles contracting around it. If a macrophage endocytoses (i.e., eats) an antigen it can digest it and present it on a ______________ Major histocompatibility complex protein to a ______________. - ✔✔Class II, Helper T Cell
T/F Having a fever of 100 Fahrenheit can help you fight off infections. - ✔✔True T/F Mast cells release histamine. - ✔✔True When immune cells mature and can recognize trans-membrane proteins indicating "self", this is called ______________. - ✔✔Tolerance Lymphatic tissue is composed of the following five components. Please list them. - ✔✔Bone Marrow, Thymus, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Ducts T/F A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it - ✔✔True T/F Red blood cells originate from the bone marrow. - ✔✔True T/F Lymph nodes are a place where cells of the immune system accumulate and share information. - ✔✔True T/F Any cell can present an antigen on a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein. - ✔✔True When a B cell is shown an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein it will go through ______________ ______________ and B cells subsequently can become ______________ and/or ______________ ______________. - ✔✔Blast Transformation, Plasma Cells, Memory Cells T/F Bone marrow is a site where mature immune cells are found. - ✔✔False T/F There are times when the spleen can be considered to be the primary lymph node. - ✔✔True T/F The humoral immune system involves cells in the immune system. - ✔✔True
Adhering junctions are based on two different types of cytoskeleton filament systems. Name those systems. - ✔✔Actin Filament based, Intermediate filament based Vitamin K cannot be made by the cells of your body. Where is it made? - ✔✔Intestinal Bacteria & Liver When amino acids are acquired by food because your body can't make them they are called ___________________ ___________________ ___________________. - ✔✔Essential Amino Acids List the layers of the digestive track covered by a thick layer of mucous. - ✔✔The only layer of the Digestive Tract that secretes and has mucous is the Mucosa layer List the order in which storage compounds are utilized if there is no intake of food. - ✔✔Glycogen and Fat, then protein What is bile made from? And how does oatmeal reduce cholesterol levels? - ✔✔Bile is made from cholesterol, and some kinds of fiber (like oatmeal) will bind with bile, decreasing its absorption and lowering cholesterol levels. How does the pancreas neutralize the pH of the chyme that comes from the stomach? - ✔✔Bicarbonate Ion Secretions Think about feedback loops. What triggers the gall bladder to secrete bile? - ✔✔Fatty acids in the lumen of the duodenum Name the main enzyme in the stomach. - ✔✔Pepsin T/F If something is called a vitamin, it cannot be made by the organism and must be taken in as a part of diet. - ✔✔True 90% of absorption in the intestine occurs where? - ✔✔In the Ileum and Jejunum
The digestive track begins with the ___________________ and the first enzyme added is ___________________. - ✔✔Mouth, Amylase Draw concentric circles and label the four layers of the gut. Also label the hole at the inner most circle. List what is in these four layers. - ✔✔ Name the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine. - ✔✔Pyloric Sphincter When glucose is taken in by the digestive track and enters your blood, cells are triggered to take in the glucose by what mechanism? - ✔✔Insulin and insulin receptors Write a few sentences to distinguish between digestion and absorption. - ✔✔Digestion is when an enzyme breaks down food into smaller blocks. Absorption is the assimilation of substances into the bloodstream from the digestive tract. In what way is the making of a primary lysosome similar to the enzymes delivered by the pancreas? - ✔✔Both are made by membrane bound polyribosomes The esophagus has two distinct muscles that close off the tube. What are these called? - ✔✔The upper and lower esophageal sphincters. Which enzyme unwraps the double helix? - ✔✔Helicase Which enzyme is used first to permit DNA polymerase III to begin replicating the 3' strand? - ✔✔Primase The double helix of DNA is wrapped about 1¾ times around which of these components? - ✔✔Nucleosome During DNA replication in the lagging strand there is production of this component? - ✔✔Okazaki fragment
The most abundant protein in the world is called __________. - ✔✔Rubisco Protein synthesis changes from the language of [x] to the language of [y]. - ✔✔Nucleotides, Amino acids During mRNA maturation what is the name of the part of the mRNA that is removed? - ✔✔Intron In the ribosome, what pairs with the codon? - ✔✔Anticodon Assume that you have a eukaryotic cell with three chromosomes within it. How many 5' ends would there be? - ✔✔Gap 1: 6, Gap 2: 12 Which nucleotide is different in RNA compared to DNA? - ✔✔Uradine Draw the sugar in DNA and label the carbons as discussed in the lecture. Then circle the carbon that is different in RNA. - ✔✔ There are two types of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. These two types can be distinguished because the polyribosome is either or. - ✔✔Free, or membrane-bound polyribosome Which enzyme is used first to permit DNA polymerase III to begin replicating the 3' strand? - ✔✔Primase In eukaryotic cells the start codon for protein synthesis is. - ✔✔AUG or Methionine RNA synthesis, also called RNA transcription occurs in three phases. List them from beginning to end in order. - ✔✔Initiation, Elongation, Termination How many hydrogen bonds are there between an A and its paired nucleotide? - ✔✔Two T/F Strands of the backbone of DNA are parallel? - ✔✔False
List one type of post-translational modification. - ✔✔proteolysis, glycosylation, phosphorylation Which sugar is present in RNA? - ✔✔Ribose T/F In the lagging stand, the DNA is read from the parental DNA's 3' to 5' end. - ✔✔True For DNA Polymerase III to work which of these components has to act first? - ✔✔Primase In DNA, what does the nucleotide labeled as A pair with? - ✔✔Thymidine which is a pyrimidine T/F During DNA replication is greatly reduced by enzymes that proof read the newly replicated DNA. - ✔✔True In the ribosome, what is the name of the bond that links one amino acid to the next? - ✔✔Peptide Bond How many "stop" codons exist? - ✔✔Three List the two basic categories of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids. - ✔✔Pyrimidines, Purines List three items required for photosynthesis to occur. - ✔✔Water, Co2 and sunlight
