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=p: GS 7 en hig = = —e s — JF NUTRITION <2. <) ES&S RESPIRATION Ca (4 © Providing Energy =a \ | © Energy Release 5 © For all body > eFueling cells activities 4 t é with oxygen S AAC . : ] : i > ~ TRANSPORTATION <<) ///)| 5 a) EXCRETION 4 — TU © Maintaining clean 44 / inner environment & Ee, 14 MEN |x a ARF \ (Zao Ke ) ENSURE TRANSPORT , | — Y | y Proper Transport of PROVIDE ENERGY Wi) HELP INGROWTH |}-N3]{ food, oxygen, nutrients VA" ‘ Needed for all HELP IN GROWTH | 8) Growth, Repair, and | jem } body activities . l , and Maintenance q s Maintenance / : } FF hotosynthésis- ~ Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants synthesize food using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS —s, vee Chlorophyll Sunlight | Carbon dioxide H Water the green pigment i provides the obtained from H absorbed from that absorbs | energyneeded | the air. H the soil by sunlight. : forthe process. : : roots. THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ‘a >) Absorption of “ WS . 2 fiefeeneoyhe XN Photosynthesis Equation chlorophyll. f Conversion of light 7 4 nA 2) 6CO, + 6H,0 —> CH.,0, + 60, energy to chemical e@ ; NS Light energy and splitting of -@ Carbon Water Sugar Oxygen water molecules into dioxide hydrogen and oxygen. ® Reduction of 4 carbon dioxide to FC, mm) YL / carbohydrates. ° @ 8 { HETEROTROPHI NUTRITION Heterotrophic nutrition is the mode of nutrition in which organisms obtain ready-1 -made f food from plants or “other animals. } Meaning Source of Food Saprophytic Organisms obtain Dead plants and Mushroom, bread Nutrition food from dead and animals. mould, fungi decaying organic matter. Parasitic Organisms obtain Living organisms Nutrition food from a living (host). B host and harm it. 1 3 - q Holozoic Organisms ingest Solid or liquid food Humans, Amoeba, Nutrition food and digest it taken into the body. cow inside their body. — eS . MNEM NONIC fp —-----------.---. . | & Saprophytic > Feeds on . | _ dead and decaying matter. @: Saprophytic = Seeks dead matter ¥e Parasitic — Feeds ona - | [I _ living host and causes harm. Q Parasitic = Plants/animals living on a host | @ Holozoic — Ingests, digests, | | as q absorbs, and assimilates food ar Holozoic = Human-like feeding process | . B® inside the body. } s\ Amoeba shows holozoic nutrition, which means it takes in solid food wv and digests it inside its body. Amoeba is a unicellular organism. © It lives in water. @ It feeds on tiny food particles HOW AMOEBA OBTAINS FO like bacteria, algae, etc. =, a ~ 7 Amoeba is a (2) It takes in food using | (3) The pseudopodia | (4) A food vacuole unicellular organism. temporary finger-like surround and is formed around projections called engulf the food | the food. pseudopodia. Food vacuole } J Nutrients are absorbed | @ Undigested food is into the cytoplasm. expelled outside the cell. Digestive enzymes break down the food into simpler substances. Amoeba uses its pseudopodia to capture food, digests it inside ie | ee food vacuoles, absorbs = K 2 the nutrients, and PSEUDOPODIA : FOOD VACUOLE | NUTRIENT ABSORPTION : WASTE REMOVAL removes the waste. Helps in capturing | Site of digestion Nutrients pass into ; Undigested food is food. | inside the cell. the cytoplasm. } thrown out. P< + 1 + « SLHUMAN ALIMENTARY CANAL |~ Be = THE ALIMENTARY CANAL — The alimentary canal is a long tube extending from the mouth to the anus. Different parts perform different functions. ‘| @ MouTH (BUCCAL CAVITY) Food enters here. ‘ Teeth chew the food and saliva moistens it. @ oEsoPHAGUS (FOOD PIPE) A muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. © STOMACH Stores food temporarily and mixes it with digestive juices to break it down. @ SMALL intestine Complete digestion of food takes place here. Nutrients are absorbed into the blood. © arce INTESTINE a & ay \ Large Absorbs water from the | 4 | Intestine undigested food and § vay ¢ Y forms faeces. i ¢ « : Mouth (Buccal cavity) Oesophagus (Food pipe) Small Intestine . i ie RECTUM Stores the faeces temporarily. ANUS The opening through which waste is removed from the body. 7 & { SALIVARY GLANDS LIVER Sap ASSOCIATED DIGESTIVE GLANDS 4 PANCREAS Located in the mouth. Secrete saliva which contains enzymes to start the digestion of starch. Secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes that help in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins | _and fats. : Produces bile juice which helps in the ; | | | | | iT \ | digestion of fats. | Together, the alimentary canal and digestive glands work in harmony to break down food, absorb nutrients and remove waste. ~~ 3 +e ~ DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH ° > yy The journey of food begins in the mouth. “Ve ROLE OF SALIVA Secreted by salivary glands. Crush and grind food : @ into smaller particles. TF O Moistens food for Increase the surface " easy swallowing. area for digestion. Contains salivary amylase, an enzyme that converts starch into simple sugars. + 0% Remember! 9: Digestion in the mouth is both mechanical (by teeth) and ' I ' ' = ' Food enters Teeth crush Saliva moistens Tongue mixes ' I i 1 chemical (by saliva). wy the mouth and grind it and begins and pushes food o digestion of starch for swallowing } ‘= DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH < +> The stomach is a muscular, bag-like organ that plays an + important role in the digestion of food. + uA FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH (Food pipe) @ Stores food temporarily. @ Churns and mixes food with digestive juices. GASTRIC GLANDS SECRETE uum - HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCI) © Creates an acidic medium. @ Helps pepsin work effectively. © Kills harmful microbes. SR EE Ee ! To small 2] PEPSIN intestine Digests proteins into simpler substances. GASTRIC GLAND ' | > These glands are present | 3] MUCUS ' in the inner lining of the ' Protects the stomach lining | stomach wall and release | from acid. i digestive juices. 1 1 ACIDITY COMMON CAUSES RELIEF TIPS Excess secretion of acid © Eating spicy or oily foods © Eat balanced meals sensation known as © Stress © Drink plenty of water ' I ' may cause a burning Irregular meals i © Avoid spicy and fried foods i ' acidity. © Excess intake of caffeine © Manage stress a S) DIGESTION INTHE SMALL INTESTINE “(2 PS gs IMPORTANCE © Longest part ofthe © Site of COMPLETE DIGESTION alimentary canal and ABSORPTION Y \ ® Produces BILE JUICE © Bile NEUTRALISES acidic / food from the stomach ! © Breaks large FAT GLOBULES +> into smaller droplets @ 83 ® Saeed - glands in | } the small intestine “A ; vaca 7 ' @ Produces PANCREATIC JUICE containing: © TRYPSIN - digests proteins © LIPASE - iy fats BY = Pancreatic AM La enzymes a8 >> END PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION << FOOD COMPONENT FINAL PRODUCT & Carbohydrates —> Glucose gf Proteins = —> —AminoAcids Fe ids and O Fats 7 Sees sugar >) molecule acid | > production e Bacteria act on as sugars present in food. @ Acids produced ny bacteria damage o <7 _ tooth enamel. ® Dental plaque = ee -” plaque biofilm ° Ox forms on teeth. Rinse C PREVENTION + after meals. Brush teeth regularly. rZ\ © Softening of enamel and dentine. W W @S alle Reduce sugary Maintain oral Gg food intake. hygiene. ® Tooth decay and cavities. @ Infection and pain SY RESPIRATION »’ eo The process that releases energy from food to keep us alive and active. Respiration is the process by which food (glucose) is broken down to release | energy needed for life processes. . | FIRST STEP OF RESPIRATION Glucose is a 6-carbon molecule. ( BD It breaks down in the cytoplasm to form Pyruvate, > eo-o + a 3-carbon molecule. Energy is released Glucose Pyruvate B Every (6) (3c) during this process. ee iis _ “ Mitochondria The powerhouse of the cell Glucose (6-carbon) Tuas is broken down into Weliesy Pyruvate (3-carbon) and energy is released. IN Glucose Pyruvate (6C) (3C) TYPES OF RESPIRATION:: RESPIRATION: The process by which food (glucose) is broken down to release energy. perce ot Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy nies a (2-carbon molecule) a poe, 000 + int cytoplasm ge — Glucose __ | Lack of n Pyruvate (in age Lactic acid + Energy (6-carbon (3-carbon musele cells) (3-carbon eo — molecule) Presence of — oxygen “Dx Carbon dioxide + Water + cei {in mitochondria) ose 3 + a3 A. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION B. AEROBIC RESPIRATION C. RESPIRATION IN MUSCLE CELLS © Occurs in the presence of oxygen. @ Happens when muscles do not get ® Occurs in the absence of oxygen. @ Common in yeast during @ Takes place in the mitochondria. enough oxygen during vigorous fermentation. exercise. = = EQUATION yo] EQUATION }---—--— ’ sc ( EQUATION }---—---—-—~. Pyruvate + Ethanol + = sed One? oe Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy Pyruvate - Lactic Acid + Energy Carbon Dioxide + Energy 000, f y+ 000 + ext coe + 2 -000- we eB -—---{ FEATURES >-—---——- FEATURES --- ‘EFFECTS. +--—- ®) Does not require oxygen. (F) Releases a large amount @ Causes muscle cramps. of energy. Releases less energy than i Most common mode of Lactic acid accumulates aerobic respiration. ( respiration in humans. in muscles. Ry In all types, the first step is the same: : Glucose (6C) > Pyruvate (3C) + Energy (in cytoplasm) ge