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BIOLOGY 171 CERTIFICATION PAPER 2026
FULL SOLUTION GRADED A+
โ Atoms Answer: building block of all matter โ Molecules and Macromolecules Answer: molecules are a covinatin of atoms, and acromolecules are large/complex organic molecules esstential for life โ Cells Answer: building blocks of life, smallest unit of life, basic unit of life โ Tissues Answer: a group of similar cells that are grouped to perform a specific function โ Organs Answer: a collection of different tissues that work together as a structural unit to perform specific, essential functions for an organism โ Organism Answer: any individual living entity โ Population Answer: a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area at the same time and capable of interbreeding
โ Community Answer: an interacting group of different species (populations) living and interacting in the same geographic area, functioning together as an ecological unit, and are influenced by living and non-licing facotors like food, water, and sunlight โ Ecosystem Answer: A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment โ Biosphere Answer: any place on Earth where there is life โ Characteristics of Life: Answer: 1. Cells and organization
- Energy use and metabolism
- Response to enviornmental changes
- Regulation and homeostasis
- Growth and development
- Reproduction
- Biological evolution โ Homeostasis Answer: A cell's ability, as well as our ability, to set and maintain parameters (getting hot - > start to sweat) โ Two mechanisms of evoluntionary change Answer: 1. Vertical descent with modification
โ specific epithet Answer: Second part of scientific name. โ Genome Answer: The complete genetic makeup of an organism โ Genomics Answer: Techniques used to analyze DNA sequences in genomes โ Proteomes Answer: The complete complement of proteins that a cell or organism can make โ Proteomics Answer: Techniques used to analyze the proteome of a single species and the comparison of proteomes of different species โ Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Answer: DNA-transcription- RNA-translation-protein โ Biology Answer: - an understanding of chemistry and physics is critical
- All living organisms are a collection of atoms and molecules โ The subatomic particles of an atom Answer: protons, neutrons, electrons
โ Protons Answer: Positive, found in nucleus, same number as electrons โ Neutrons Answer: Neutral, fond in the nucleus, the number can vary โ Electrons Answer: Negative, found in the nucleus, the number can vary โ S orbitals Answer: spherical โ P orbitals Answer: propeller or dumbbell-shaped โ 1st shell Answer: - 1 spherical orbital (1s) (can hold 2 electrons)
- CAN NEVER HAVE P ORBITALS ONLY 1 S โ 2nd shell Answer: - 1 spherical orbital (2s)
- 3 dumbbell-shaped orbitals (2p)
- Can hold 4 pairs of electrons (8 total) โ Periodic table Answer: - organized by atomic number
- rows correspond to the number of electron shells
- columns, from left to right, indicate the number of electrons in the outer shell
โ ionic bonds Answer: Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another โ octet rule Answer: States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons โ polar covlent bonds Answer: - electronegativity
- shared electrons are more likely to be in the outer shell of the atom of higher electronegativity (unequal sharing) โ Water Answer: - molecule has a partial negative charge region and a partial positive charge region โ Nonpolar covalent bonds Answer: - similar electronegatives
- equal sharing of electrons โ Chemical Reactions Answer: the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter โ solvent Answer: A liquid โ solutes Answer: substances dissolved in solvent
โ hydrophilic Answer: - "water-loving"
- readily dissolve in water โ hydrophobic Answer: - "water-fearing"
- Do not readily dissolve in water โ Cations Answer: net positive charge โ Anions Answer: net negative charge โ Acids Answer: molecules that release hydrogen ions in solution โ Bases Answer: lower the H+ concentration โ pH Answer: hydrogen ion concentration โ Buffers Answer: - organisms usually tolerate only small changes in pH
- Buffers help to keep a constant pH
- An acid-base buffer system can shift to generate or release H+ to adjust for changes in pH โ Carbon Answer: - Four electrons in its outer shell
