Bacterial Cell Structure and Function, Exams of Community Health

An overview of the key characteristics and structures of bacterial cells, including their classification as prokaryotes, the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls, the role of specialized structures like flagella and endospores, and the mechanisms of antibiotic action. It covers topics such as the three domains of life, cell theory, the characteristics of life, and the various shapes and arrangements of bacteria. The document also discusses important concepts related to bacterial metabolism, gene regulation, and the production of enzymes and toxins. Overall, this document offers a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental aspects of bacterial biology and microbiology, which could be valuable for students studying topics in biology, microbiology, or related fields.

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2024/2025

Available from 10/15/2024

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B234 Exam 1 STUDYING QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST
VERSION UPDATE 2024-2025.
What is perceived severity?
- ANSWER The person doesn't know the effect or a disease/behavior
What is perceived barriers?
- ANSWER This is what is stopping the Person from achieving their goal
What is perceived benefits?
- ANSWER This is what will help the person out
What is Health Promotion?
- ANSWER Motivation by the desire to increase well-being and to reach the best
possible health potential
What is Health Protection?
- ANSWER Behaviors to prevent disease, detect disease in early stages or to maximize
health within the constraints of disease
What is care coordination?
- ANSWER Helps ensure patient's needs are met and information is shared across
people, functions, and sites
What does the term semi-public mean in terms of self-awareness?
- ANSWER This means the public is aware, but you are not aware of your action
What does the term private mean in terms of self-awareness?
- ANSWER This is how you acted behind "closed doors" and means you can be
whatever you want to be
What does the term inner-self mean in terms of self-awareness? - ANSWER This is a
part of you that you may not be aware of and can be things that you think about but
don't say
What are the three phases of communication?
- ANSWER Introduction, Working Phase, and Termination
What is the Introduction phase in communication?
- ANSWER This is where you introduce yourself, smile, be nice, and try to accomplish
a relationship
What is the working phase in communication?
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B234 Exam 1 STUDYING QUESTIONS

WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST

VERSION UPDATE 2024- 2025.

What is perceived severity?

  • ANSWER The person doesn't know the effect or a disease/behavior What is perceived barriers?
    • ANSWER This is what is stopping the Person from achieving their goal What is perceived benefits?
    • ANSWER This is what will help the person out What is Health Promotion?
    • ANSWER Motivation by the desire to increase well-being and to reach the best possible health potential What is Health Protection?
    • ANSWER Behaviors to prevent disease, detect disease in early stages or to maximize health within the constraints of disease What is care coordination?
    • ANSWER Helps ensure patient's needs are met and information is shared across people, functions, and sites What does the term semi-public mean in terms of self-awareness?
  • ANSWER This means the public is aware, but you are not aware of your action What does the term private mean in terms of self-awareness?
  • ANSWER This is how you acted behind "closed doors" and means you can be whatever you want to be What does the term inner-self mean in terms of self-awareness? - ANSWER This is a part of you that you may not be aware of and can be things that you think about but don't say What are the three phases of communication?
    • ANSWER Introduction, Working Phase, and Termination What is the Introduction phase in communication?
    • ANSWER This is where you introduce yourself, smile, be nice, and try to accomplish a relationship What is the working phase in communication?
  • ANSWER This is where you are currently helping or coaching a client What is the Termination phase in communication?
  • ANSWER This is where you and your client no loner see each other How many ounces of grains should you eat a day?
  • ANSWER 6oz How many cups of vegetables should you eat a day? - ANSWER 2.5 cups How many cups of fruit should you eat a day?
  • ANSWER 2 cups How many cups of dairy products should you eat a day? - ANSWER 3 cups How many ounces of meat should you eat a day?
  • ANSWER 5.5 oz What % should carbohydrates make of your daily calories? - ANSWER 45% to 65% What % should fats make of your daily calories?
  • ANSWER 20% to 35% What % should proteins make of your daily calories? - ANSWER 10% to 35% How many calories are in 1 gram of carbohydrates?
  • ANSWER 4 kcal/gram How many calories are in 1 gram of fats? - ANSWER 9 kcal/gram How many calories are in 1 gram of protein?
  • ANSWER 4 kcal/gram What are some examples of complete proteins? - ANSWER milk, eggs, meats What are some examples of incomplete proteins?
  • ANSWER nuts, grains, seeds what vitamins are water soluble? - ANSWER Vitamin c and B-complex What vitamins are fat soluble?
  • ANSWER Vitamin A,D,E,K What is a Vegan diet?
  • ANSWER They only eat plant foods

Define Precontemplation - ANSWER No intention of changing in the next 6 months: "I won't" Define Contemplation

  • ANSWER intention of changing in the next 6 months: "I may" Define Preparation
  • ANSWER Have taken steps toward change; intend on changing within the next month: "I will" Define Action - ANSWER Has changed behavior for within the past 6 months: "I am" Define Maintenance
  • ANSWER Has changed behavior for more than 6 months: "I still am" What is Health Belief model used for? - ANSWER to describe why some people take actions to prevent a disease and others don't What is perceived susceptibility?
  • ANSWER The person doesn't see a problem with behavior Prokaryote - Ans - A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Major characteristics of bacteria and archaea
  • Ans - - unicellular
  • prokaryotes
  • may have flagella
  • binary fission
  • cell wall
  • heterotrophs and autotrophs Archaea have psuedomurein cell wall; bacteria have peptidoglycan cell wall. Major characteristics of Fungi
  • Ans - - heterotrophs
  • unicellular or multicellular
  • eukaryotes
  • non-motile
  • mitosis (budding)
  • cell wall made of chitin Major characteristics of Protozoa
  • Ans - - autotrophs and heterotrophs
  • unicellular
  • eukaryotes
  • flagella, cilia, pseudopods, or non-motile
  • mitosis
  • no cell wall Major characteristics of Algae
    • Ans - - autotroph
  • unicellular and multicellular
  • eukaryotes
  • non-motile
  • mitosis
  • cell wall made of cellulose Major characteristics of Helminthes (parasitic worms)
    • Ans - - heterotrophs
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotes
  • move by muscles
  • mitosis
  • no cell wall Major characteristics of a virus
    • Ans - - acellular
  • DNA or RNA
  • non-motile
  • no cell wall, but have protein coat Major characteristics of prions
  • Ans - - acellular
  • no DNA they are a protein Major roles of microbes in the environment
  • Ans - - breakdown and recycle nutrients in the soil.
  • photosynthesis
  • digestive tracts in humans to help breakdown food to convert to energy Why are microbes essential for life?
  • Ans - convert chemical compounds into nutrients for other organisms. An example of this is photosynthesis. Role of nitrogen fixing bacteria

Koch's Postulates - Ans - a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease

  1. observe disease
  2. isolate and purify
  3. Introduce to healthy organism
  4. it gets sick
  5. isolate and purify Molecular Koch's Postulates - Ans - A gene found in a pathogenic microorganism encodes product that contributes to disease caused by pathogen compared to Koch's postulates:
  6. pathogenic strains- gene present nonpathogenic strains- gene absent
  7. inactivation of gene- loss of pathogenicity/virulence
  8. reversion of mutated gene-restoration of pathogenicity
  9. gene expressed during infection
  10. immunity protective endosymbiotic theory - Ans - theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms EX. the mitochondria Fredrick Griffith - Ans - Proved a process called transformation: genetic material from one cell can be transferred to another cell. streptococcus pneumonia: infected mice with R and S strains inserted R strain and heat killed S strain, mice were still infected. R strain picked up virulence genes from S strain and expressed their virulence genes. Epidemiology - Ans - Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people. Pandemic - Ans - Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. endemic - Ans - native or confined to a particular region or people epidemic - Ans - a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. carrier state - Ans - person harbors organism but does not show any signs of the disease, may pass it on emerging disease - Ans - disease that appears in the population for the first time, or an old disease that suddenly becomes harder to control

Re-emerging diseases - Ans - Once controlled by preventative public health measures, they are now on the rise What factors lead to emerging and re-emerging diseases today? - Ans - - anti- vaccination

  • travel
  • evolution of certain microorganisms and their ability to adapt. typhoid fever - Ans - Salmonella typhi passed through food and water sources stomach ulcer - Ans - Helicobacter pylori attach to the mucosa and infiltrate between top layers. Causes ulcers in stomach lining. Coccus - Ans - A spherical bacterium
  • diplococci (two)
  • streptococci (line)
  • tetrad (four)
  • sarcines
  • staphylococci (cluster Bacillus - Ans - Rod shaped bacteria
  • diplobacillus
  • streptococcus
  • coccobacillus spiral bacteria - Ans - one or more twists arranged as vibe or spirillum other shaped bacteria - Ans - star shaped and rectangle shaped binomial nomenclature - Ans - Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase) italicized or underlined Drawings of a microscope field - Ans - label title total magnification heat fixation - Ans - kills the cells, destroying autolytic enzymes, and causes the cells to adhere to the slide why are viruses and prions not in three domains of life? - Ans - they require a host to sustain life

aseptic technique - Ans - A procedure performed under sterile conditions. important to reduce contamination acid fast stain procedure - Ans - - heat fix

  • add carbol fuschin
  • heat for 5 min.
  • wash with water
  • decolorize with acid ethanol
  • wash with water
  • wash with methylene blue Why do gram-negative cell wells not retaining color? - Ans - They have a thin layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. This is degraded/thinned during gram staining and is not able to retain the color. This results in a decolorized cell. Why do acid fast cells retain the dye? - Ans - Their cell wall contains a layer of mycolic acid that is considered to be "waxy" The carbon fuschin attaches to this layer and causes the bacteria to appear pink. Why do Gram positive cells retain the primary stain? - Ans - Their cell wall contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan. During the gram staining process, the thick layer hold up during degradation and retains the purple dye. What variables can affect the gram stain? - Ans - 1. overcrowding of bacteria can effect the discoloration step.
  1. the age of the bacteria; if the bacteria are older, they may not retain the color why do wall deficient bacteria not retain dye in a gram stain? - Ans - They lack a peptidoglycan cell wall and do not have anywhere for the dye to bind. Mycoplasma - Ans - no cell wall gram stain reaction for Escherichia - Ans - gram negative gram stain reaction for Staphylococcus - Ans - gram positive gram stain reaction for Bacillus - Ans - Gram positive gram stain reaction for Mycobacterium - Ans - none acid fast reaction for Escherichia - Ans - Blue (negative) acid fast reaction for Staphylococcus - Ans - Blue (negative) acid fast reaction for Bacillus - Ans - Blue (negative)

acid fast reaction for Mycobacterium - Ans - Pink (positive) Ribosomes - Ans - site of protein synthesis Prokaryotic Chromosomes - Ans - consist of a single, circular strand of DNA bacterial plasmids - Ans - used to create recombinant DNA; a tiny ring of DNA carried in the cytoplasm of bacteria 70s ribosomes - Ans - smaller ribosomes found in prokaryotes 80S ribosomes - Ans - larger ribosomes found in eukaryotes polar flagella - Ans - flagella attached at one or both ends of the cell peritrichous flagella - Ans - spread over entire surface of cell axial filaments - Ans - Also called endoflagella Found in spirochetes Anchored at one end of a cell Rotation causes cell to move like a corkscrew. covered by the outer membrane to protect the axial filaments Endospore - Ans - A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions. vegetative cell - Ans - a cell that has not formed spores or other resting stages The genera of bacteria that have endospores - Ans - Bacillus and Clostridium disease caused by endospores - Ans - anthrax botulism tetanus food poisoning gangrene how do specialized structures (flagella, capsules, endospores) confer specialized capabilities? - Ans - structures that provide the cell with motility allow the bacterium to navigate to or away from certain environments. endospores allow the cell to remain dormant for years if the environment is lacking any necessary nutrients. cell wall function - Ans - provides support and protection

competitive inhibition - Ans - Competitive inhibition is a process by which a chemical substance has a shape that fits the active site of an enzyme and competes with the substrate, effectively inhibiting the enzyme. noncompetitive inhibition - Ans - In noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds with the enzyme at a site other than the active site and inactivates the enzyme by altering its shape. Extracellular enzymes - Ans - Enzymes that are synthesised and secreted to work outside the cell. Why must antibiotics that act as enzyme inhibitors be taken multiple times throughout the day? - Ans - To maintain high levels of concentration of the inhibitor so that it will always beat the substrate. Sulfa Drugs-Competitive Inhibitors - Ans - sulfa drugs target the synthesis of folic acid. To effectively inhibit this pathway, the sulfa drug must bind to the enzyme's active site since it has a very similar structure as the original substrate for this pathway Explain how the product in a metabolic pathway may control its own synthesis. - Ans - when enough product has been produced, it may bind to the inhibitor and induce a halt to synthesis of that pathway. beta-galactosidase - Ans - an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lactose into monosaccharides Amylase - Ans - Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches Catalase - Ans - An enzyme produced in all cells to decompose hydrogen peroxide, a by-product of cell respiration Lipase - Ans - pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats into fatty acids constitutive genes - Ans - genes that are expressed all the time repressible genes - Ans - genes are on and can be turned off inducible genes - Ans - Genes whose expression is turned on by the presence of some substance. Regulate catabolic pathways. repressible enzymes - Ans - function in anabolic pathways; their synthesis is repressed by high levels of the end product inducible enzymes - Ans - An enzyme whose transcription can be stimulated by an abundance of its substrate (as opposed to repressible enzyme). Usually in catabolism.

constitutive enzymes - Ans - always present, always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of the amount of substrate disulfide bridges - Ans - covalent bonds that may further reinforce the shape of a protein. strong bonds that have a higher denaturation temperature, so are commonly found in hyperthermophiles. catalase producing bacteria - Ans - use oxygen beta galactosidase producing bacteria - Ans - use lactose amylase producing bacteria - Ans - digest carbohydrates lipase producing bacteria - Ans - digest lipids Exotoxins - Ans - toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment ex. Clostridium Gene - Ans - A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait Genotype vs. Phenotype - Ans - An organism's genotype is the set of genes that it carries. An organism's phenotype is all of its observable characteristics gene expression - Ans - process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function Promotor - Ans - A region of DNA with a specific sequence that tells RNA polymerase where to begin transcription. operator - Ans - Region of DNA that controls RNA polymerase's access to a set of genes with related functions. inducible operon - Ans - structural genes are not transcribed unless an inducer is present repressible operon - Ans - Usually on; binding of a repressor to the operator shuts off transcription metabolic pathway - Ans - Begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product. Pathogenicity - Ans - ability to cause disease